CHIN. Paring, . . . 3IALAY. Pampluie, . . . . FR. Kodayal, . . . . TAM. Chatri, . HIND. Godugulu, . . .
Umbrellas are employed as a shade against the heat of the sun and rain ; a smaller kind, the parasol, being used chiefly by ladies, either while walking or riding in open conveyances. The kettisol or paper summer head is extensively manufactured tri China, whence it is largely ex ported to various parts of the world. In India, palm leaves spread over bamboos aro largely used. The umbrella of the Lepeha in Sikkim consists of a framework of bamboo enclosing broad leaves of Phrynium. The umbrella has been a symbol of rank in eastern countries from the most ancient times. Ch'hatra-pati, lord of the umbrella, one of the titles of the ancient Persian kings, is sup posed to be tbe word from which the Greeks and Romans obtained the tido of Satrap, tbe Eka chlatra, the vaulted horizontal sunshades, being reserved for royalty. Carpini notices that um brellas, Solinum vel Tentornalum in hasta, were held over the Tartar nobles and their wives when on horseback, and this is still an Indian custom. Adrian speaks of the Skiadia.
In most eastern countries, the right to use an umbrella is bestowed bysovereigns. Until recently, no native of India would have presumed to keep his umbrella spread, or his slippers on, while approaching a European, nor pass a European sentry with it Those bestowed by sovereigns tuv of various shapes, and have various names. To use an umbrella at all. amongst Malars_ or rather to have it carried over one, for no native carries an umbrella himself, is a mark of rank, and its quality implies the degree of that rank. The
sovereign alone uses one which is gilt throughout. In Java, a small umbrella, called a bawat, is the special badge of the higher nobility, called by the Sanskrit title of bopati. This is not made use of to protect from sun or rain, but carried by a re tainer before the party.
A white umbrella is the emblem of sovereignty in Burnia. Its use is restricted to the king, and to being placed over the images of Gautama. The king is supposed never to move except with the white umbrella held over him.
.Aftab-giri of the Muhanimadans of India and Persia is around vertical parasol, carried at native courts to shade the sovereign. It can be used by other persons there only by the special grant of the sovereign.
Umbrellas of state in ancient Buddhist monu ments of India are represented.- In the Bliarhut tope, there is represented a relic casket, over which a seven-headed Naga raises its head, and over it an umbrella of state.
State umbrellas of the Chinese are worn by those to whom they are granted; they are variously marked. China people of humbler rank can use paper umbrellas only.
Mark Antony was censured for basin°. united the eagles of Rome with the state umb;ellas of Cleopatra.
Interque signs (turpe) Sol aspieit eornopeurn.' Umbrellas are imported into India to the number of two or three millions annually, of value 19 to 23 lakhs of rupees, two-thirds of them from the United Kingdom, and their price on the average, is 12 aimas.—Fergusson. See Titles, p. 899.