The Sardi and Warcha mines are of less im portance. The Kalabagh or Trans-Indus quarries are all open workings in a thick group of salt beds, ranging from 4 feet to 20 feet in thickness. They run along the right side of the Lun or Gossai Nallah, the salt extending from the base of the hill as high up fl13 200 feet. The outcrop runs for some two miles up the glen, and there are 14 working-places or quarries. Tho value of the receipts from the four Salt Range mines for the four yews ending 1870-71, averaged .£383,144 annually. Where the workings have been most carefully surveyed, the salt has been found in zones, consisting of several distinct beds, within distances of about GOO feet, 200 feet, and less of the top- of the marl and gypsum. There seems to be a larger development of so-called bad salt in the western than in the eastern part of the district, but it may be mentioned that this bad salt would in other districts be extremely valuable. A very wasteful system of carriage had prevailed. The salt was reduced to rough spherical lumps to prevent the corners from being rubbed off during its transport in open nettings or hair-cloth bags, and an enormous quantity of it was thus wasted.
Earth-salt is produced from tracts of saline soil. These occur in many parts of British India, and are mlled namaksar, dawanah, nonarah, and aihri.
In N. India the saline tracts are distinguished into Siam from the verb Sichna, to moisten or bedew and' Goran, from Gorna, to dig or scrape.
In le Sichan tracts, the soil has no saline particles, but the saline water from wells being spread over it, the action of the sun causes the saline particles to effloresce, and from this the salt is manufactured. If these Sichau soils be left for a year or two, they again become fit for cultivation.
The soil of the Goran tract is wholly saline and unculturable, and except after heavy rain, edible salt can be made from them at any season by solar or artificial heat. Water poured on the saline earth passes through, carrying with it the saline particles in solution, which is afterwards evaporated by the sun's rays or by artificial heat. When the salt soil is strong, about five seers of dry earth will yield from 8 to 10 ehittak of salt.
Salt occurs in several parts of Mysore in con siderable abundance, usually on the red soil, and it was manufactured in almost every village on the south side of Chittuldroog. It effloresces on the surface in the dry season, and the people sweep it together, and, after dissolving it, crystallize it.
In Asia Minor, between lat. 37° and 39° N., and long. 30° and 34° E., are a number of valleys or depressions filled with saline waters, having no outlets, the chief being Tuz Gol, Murad Su Gol, Ak Shahr Gol, Bey Shahr, Lake Chardak ; and Lake Van, less saline, is 240 miles in circum ference. El Sabahkah, near Aleppo, is a salt
lake. In Palestine is the Dead Sea, or Bahr-ul Lut. It is 1300 feet below the level of the Meditermnean, and its waters contain 12.11 per cent. of chloride of sodium, 7-8 of magnesium chloride, 2.4 calcium chloride, and 1.2 potash. To the south-west of the lake are deposits of rock-salt, forming the chief portion of the hills of Usdom or Sodom, where a pillar of rock-salt was pointed out as Lot's wife.
Rock-salt abounds from the neighbourhood of Mount Ararat westward along the mountain chains bordering the upper courses of the Euphrates and Araxes, to the mountains to the west of the Kizil Irmak. It is particularly pure at 13eli Bagh, near Kankari, 2500 feet above the sea. At Ulash, and near Amasia, salt is found, and there are salt mines in the valley of the upper portion of the Kizil Irmak, and also at Kulpia in the valley of the Araxes. The whole of the' upper course of the Araxes, especially in the neighbour hood of Mount Ararat and Nakhitschevan, abounds with rock-salt.
The greater part of Kurdistan is supplied with salt from the Lake Urumiah, south of Mount Ararat. It is 80 miles long by 20 miles broad, and its shallow waters are intensely saline.
Rock-salt also occurs in the valley of the Oxus and its tributaries and mines are worked near Bokhara at Guzar, 'Nerak, Altanin Dara, Samgar, and Khu'lm.
In Arabia, rock-salt is found near Loheia, and in two districts east of Lohcia, also in the hills of Al-Kasym, and in the hills near the coast, in the vicinity of Bahrein Island ; and salt is manu factured on all the Arabiau coasts, in quantities sufficient to admit of exportation.
At Hit, near Baghdad, are saline wells ; also small salt lakes at Al Milli and the neighbourhood, and salt abounds at Toz Khurmate, to the east of the Tigris.
Near Shiraz, there are several salt lakes, which furnish the neighbouring country with salt. The chief of these are Mahluja or Lake of Shiraz, Lake Bakhtigan, and Lake Kazarun.
The mountains of Kirman and Laristan abound iu rock-salt. The hills in the island of Ormuz are almost wholly composed of rock-salt, which is mined and exported. The neighbouring island of Apgar is also noted for its rock-salt.
A. few miles to the north of Neshapur, rock-salt is mined, and there are brine springs at Puli Nika to the south of the Caspian, and rock-salt to the east of that place.