(90 Sungla, from Chetkul to Burasu of Garhwal, is reckoned lower than Kimlia, and may perhaps be 16,000 feet. The road is said to be generally bad, and is travelled for six months, There are three passes to the westward of Shatul, the Jalsu, Khealig, and Sungri, but they cannot be considered in the Himalaya, being from 2000 to 4000 feet below the circle of congelation. These fifteen passes are almost as good as the Rampur road, and many of them considerably better. Most of the passes to the eastward are said to be better than those mentioned ; some of them are (o) Shear Gail, a difficult pass.
(p) Burasu, to Chnngsa ; much.. snow, and rather difficult.
(q) Jannubi, to Chubrung ; high, but very easy.
(r) Kedarnath, said to be very difficult.
(a) Dumnis, from Badrinath to Chubrung ; the pass is high, there is much snow, but the road is good, and is travelled by loaded cattle.
(t) Birji pass ; (u) Niti pass ; (v) Dharma pass ; (w) Jnar pass. These last four passes are travelled by cattle.
The passes leading from Kanawar to Chinese Tartary on the eastward are six in number, all of which are practicable for loaded sheep :— 1. Chungsakhago, from Chetka to Neilung, on the Janki or Jannubi branch of the Ganges ; a lofty pass, probably not under 18,000 feet.
2. Kuno pass, from Kuno to Tunge ; 3. Tidung, from Charung to Tunge. These two roads are each about five days' journey without an intermediate village, and, like Chungsakhago, cross a high, flat piece of ground.
4. Kiubrang„ from Nisung to Bekhur, five stages with out a village. The road leads up the Taglakhar river for three and a half days, and is often difficult.
5. Gangtung, from Dabling to Bekhur. This, pro perly speaking, is not a distinct road.
G. From Numgea to Shipke there arc two roads—lst, Piming, the height of which is only 13,661 feet. Part of this path is very rugged, in clearing the deep-worn glen of the Upsung rivulet.
There are four passes leading to Spiti 1. From Pandrabis,Open five months.
2. TaH from Wangpo, f 3. From Lipe.
4. Manerung, from Sungnam, open three and a half or four months.
The Kanawari and Tartar races estimate the altitudes of the passes, by the difficulty of breath ing they experience in ascending them. Those who cross the outer chain attribute the symptoms from which they suffer, to the noxious qualities of a poisonous plant ; but the best informed, who are in the habit of traversing heights where there is no vegetation, know well that they are pro duced by the height alone.
In the Konen Lun, all passes above 15,000 feet are closed in winter by the heavy snowfall.
Chang-chen-mo gives its name to a route of about 16 marches between Ladakh and Eastern Turkestan, said to be the easiest from India to Upper Asia, much easier than the more westerly Karakorum route traversed by Schlageutweit and Mr.Johnson. The heights vary from 19,000 to 21,000 feet, but the mountains are generally rounded, and fuel and grass are abundant save at one stage.
Gumah is equidistant between Ilchi and Yarkand, and the Karakorum route meets this route at Shadula. The existence of glaciers in Western
Tibet was first made known by Vigne, who alludes to them in his Travels in Kashmir. Colonel Richard Strachey was the first who proved their existence in 1847 in the Himalaya.
Dras adjoins Kashmir, the intercommunication being by the Zoji pass, a remarkable depression of 11,300 feet, through which flow the moist winds of Kashmir, and Dras is the most humid and fertile province of Tibet.
In December 1845, when the Chinese fought a battle near Tirthapuri in Gnari Khorsum, the garri son of Takla Khar fled across the pass near the head of the Kali river. Even in this unopposed flight one-half of the men were killed by frost, and many of the remainder lost-their fingers and toes ; the flight was most disastrous.
The snow-line in the Himalayan regions is 14,000 feet south of the range, and 16,000 feet north of it. Roses grow in the valleys 13,000 feet above the sea ; and in the Tibetan table-land corn is sown at an altitude of 16,500 feet, and in place nearly 18,000 feet above the sea. There would appear to be three or four passes varying in height from 15,000 feet to 17,000 feet, which cuter Tibet. In considering these great altitudes, we must bear in mind that the Kirong pass is available for a very extensive traffic. There would appear to be no doubt that the Jeylub pass, in Chumbi, is still more practicable. The Jeylub pass is the lowest in the Chola range, which, again, is one of the lowest sections of the Himalaya. It leads into the Tibetan territory of Chumbi, and from the pass to Lhassa is from 200 to 300 miles.
The Parijong pass, used by Bogle, Manning, and Turner, was in their day open certainly until November, when the cold was not at all extreme ; and by the Donkia and other passes Sikkim has maintained for centuries some sort of communica tion with Tibet.
Mr. Georgia Bogle, who was sent in 1775 on an embassy to the Grand Lama of Tibet in 1774, travelled by way of Koch-Bahar, Tassasudon, and I'aredrong to Chanmanning, the then residence of the Lama, and nearly in the same parallel of latitude with Lhassa.
Passes through Assam lead along the valley of the Dihong ; — the northern bank of the Lohit through the Mishmi hills, leads into Tibet ; the Plian-gan pass leads to Man-chi in China, a month's journey over mountains 6000 to 18,000 feet high. The Patkoi pass to Bhamo and China affords means of communication between the Singpho tribes on the north and south of the Patkoi mountains. This was the route followed by the Burmese in their invasion of Assam, which led to the first war between them and the British.
In the south of India the highest pass is the Signs in the Neilgherries, 7204 feet. The Rang bodde pass in Ceylon, 6589 feet, is little inferior in height. Of the numerous passes occurring in the 1Vestern Ghats, the Bapdeo and the Katruj both exceed 3000 feet, the former being 3499 feet, the latter 3019 feet; and the Ramgiiat is upwards of 2000 feet.-7'relawney Saunders' Mountains and River-basins.