Tsang-po, . . LADAKH. Sin'h-ka-bab, . „ /Oa . . VP Sing-ge elm means the lion river, and Sin'h ka-bab the lion's mouth. From the confluence, in its route through Sind, it is known as the Snr, Siro, or Sera, down to Schwan ; as the Wicholo or central from Schwan to Hyderabad ; and as the Lar from Ilyderabad to tho sea. The ram occupying the countries neer aro the Elliot, the Afghan, the Jut, the Bahia, the Brahui, the Itajput, and the Lar. The Indus guards the western frontier of British India, and in all the military operations of the British since 1834, in Afghanistan and Sind, the Indus has been of great value ft3 a means of communication. During tho war of 1845-181G in the Panjab, a bridge of boats was carried up the river as far as Bahawulpur, and thence despatched up the Gbarra to Ferozpur ; and another branch of tho river, the Chennb, WAS in a subsequent war navigated up to Multan.
The Tarim debouchea into Lob Nor, an inland sea, into which the waters of several rivers flow. Tho Tarim is about 800 zniles long ; the lake is in a considerable depression, not more than 2000 feet above sea-level.
Three largo rivers flow through Kafiristan from north to south, and augment with their waters the river of Kabul and Jalalabad, which ulti mately falls into the Indus. The two westerly rivers unite at Tirgari of Lughman, and tho joint stream, after a short course of eight or ten miles, falls into the Kabul river at Lergah, in tho same district, about a mile to the east of Mandarawar. Tho easterly river, known as that of Karneh, falls into the Kabul river cast of Jalalabad, and at a distance of about twenty-five miles from Kergalt. The Munch flows through Chitral, and its source is more remote. On tho east it may be considered the boundary of the Sialiposh territory, as the river of Nadjil and Alishang forms the boundary on the west. The sources of the .Nadjil river are said to be not very distant, and it is the smallest of the three rivers.
From the central axis of the Himalaya, a suc cession of secondary ranges take their origin, which descend on tho one hand towards the plains of India, and on the other towards the northern rivers. These secondary chains on the Indian side separate great rivers which flow towards the plains of India, and which, successively uniting in their courses through the plains, ultimately dis charge their waters into the Indus and Brahma putra, from which they aro at first separated by tho whole breadth of the Himalaya. The great rivers from west to east in succession aro the Jhelum, tho Cherntb, the Ravi, tho Berm, the Sutlej, tho Sumna, the Ganges, the Gognt, the Gandak, tho Kosi, tho Tista, tho Hones, and the Subansiri. All these aro separated by chains at
first of great elevation, but which terminate at last abruptly in the plains of India.
Tho rivers of Northern India are shallow, turbu lent streams, traversing a vast extent of more or less level country, tho bottom usually of sand or mud, which aa mass is constantly on the movo towards tho sea, the channel consequently always shifting its position, and tho depth very uncertain. The navigable channel, although deep enough, is often difficult to discern in a wide expanse of waters, or among sandbanks intersected in every direction by blind channels, among which the open ono is undistinguiahable. Tho current often presenta whirls or eddies running contrary to the strearn, which frequently shoots from rut abrupt turning nt such nn angle to the course of the stream as to deprive the rudder of its command, and throw a boat violently across the stream, or even turn her round.
The riohcat and altogether most important part of British India is that which extends from Calcutta to Peshawur, and comprises the whole valley of the Ganges and the Panjab. The course of the great rivers through this region marks the pre vailing slope of the land, which falls on every side from the Himalayas, the Rajputana uplands, and the Vindhyan plateau towards the seaward opening of the Arabian Sea and of the Ba,y of Bengal.
The chief rivers of the N.W. Provinces are the Ganges, the Jurrina, and the Gogra. Among minor streams, the E. and W. Kali Nadi and the Hindan flow through the Doab. The Chambal intersects the Trans-Jumna tract in Etawa. The Betwa and the Ken are the principal streams of Bundelkhand. The Ganges, with its tributary the Jumna, collects the rainfall from the southern slopes of the mountain wall, and pours it down upon the plains of Bengal.
Towards the delta of the Ganges and Brahnia putra,, when the volume of water, increased. by the Himalayan snows, is swelled by ordinary or ab normal rains, all channels are united in one huge expanse of water, miles in breadth. The sur rounding country is an inland sea, over which communication is maintained in skiffs and canoes between one village and another. By the month of October the waters subside. In the dry season huge masses of earth can be seen falling under the action of an undermining current, and the noise can be heard several hundreds of yards off. Owing to the annual overflow of its network of rivers, the level of the plains of Lower Bengal is gradually rising.