The Tonareng is a nomade race, dwelling in the Great Desert, very fair, with long hair, aquiline noses, high foreheads, and thin lips. They say prayers in Arabic, and speak a Semitic tongue. Their arms consist of a long lance with a broad head, javelins 6 or 7 feet long, jagged hooks at the poiuted end, a round buckler (Darega) of buffalo or elephant hide from Soudan, a poniard, and a broad-bladed scimitar.
If we proceed west to Morocco, we find it,s entire population, computed at 8 millions, to con sist of— Berber, . . . 2,300,000 Jews, . . . 340,000 Shellok, . . . 1,450,000 Negro and Abd, . 120,000 Moor, . . . 3,550,000 Christian, . . . . 300 Arab, . . 740,000 Renegades, . . . . 200 The Berber aud Shellok are Untamed, fighting tribes dwelling in the mountains. When possible, rovers of tho sea, claiming fanciful origins, but impatient of any subjection. They aro the same race whom the French call Kabyle and Zouave.
The Moors are lowlanders, traders, and dwellers in eitien. They are little idlo men, who grow fait from indolence ; avaricious, perfidious, cowardly, cringing, and insolent. They are said to be descendants of the Carthaginians.
The Arabs of Morocco are tho Moors of Spain, the Saracens of France, tall, graceful sons of the Arabian desert, courteous, brave, hospitable, and confiding, descendants of the conquerors who .in the first ages of the llijira propagated the religion of Mahomed, crossed the Straits of Gibraltar, de stroyed the Gothic chivalry, reigned in Spain for 700 years, invaded France, devastated Italy, and pillaged the suburbs of imperial Rome. When the last Arab king submitted to Ferdinand and Isabella, and the Moorish palaces of Grenada were surrendered to the Christians, the old conquerors went back to Africa and resumed their nomade life. In Tripoli, the Arab has monopolized the country. In . Tunis, the native re-appears in a smaller proportion, and ill Morocco he is very scarce.
The .Ieles of Morocco are partly urban, partly mountaineers, the latter dating their arrival prior to the nativity. They live in friendship with the Berber, but at hostility with another strange race, who declare themselves descendants of those Philistines whom Joshua drove out of Syria, and who found a refuge in this rernote portion of ica.
The RUT dwellers of Kalhiya (Cape Tres Forcas), were fornierly much engaged in piratical expeditions, which were put down by Muli Abdur Rahman in 1817. Er Rif means shore or bank (Ripa, Pour.), and so long ago as Leo the African
was used to designate all the sea-coast between Tetuan and Militia. It is the country of the chain of the Atlas, and is about 200 to 300 miles long. The word is synonymous with the Arabic Salina. Thus the inhabitants of the Algerine coast are called Saludi (plural Suahili) ; those of 'Morocco Riti.
The Arabs are spread from Syria to the Indian Ocean, and eastwards into the Archipelago. In Arabia, they are chiefly in tribes, and those who occupy the country around Jerusalem are the Anazeh, Shalimar, Mowali, and Sallian.
The .4ssir tribe occupy between Mecca and Medina. They have six Kabyla,—Bin-ul-Asmar, Bin-ul-Aklimar, Chantal], Assir, Roufeida, and Abida—and muster about 44,500 fighting men.
The Cha'ab Arabs occupy the lower part of Mesopotamia. They are a tall, martial race, strong-limbed and muscular, active and healthy.
It is necessary, when considering the Arabs, to disting,uish between a series of grades towards civilisation, in which they may at present be found.
The Bedouin is Nvandering, pastoral, tent-loving, disdaining to trade, yet avaricious, and willing to sell his ghi, his inutton, or his horse, and always found in wide and open wastes, unpressed upon by adequate exterior power. Yet even the Bedouin bends to circumstances. He accepts the region allotted for his pasture-grounds. Plunder has its laws, and vengeance its chivalry. If lie will not trade, he still has wants, and suffers the presence of a Jew or Salebah, as the Afghan Buffets that of the I lindu. A little higher in the scale, as with tho Cha'ab, is the original wander ing pastoral Arab, in a district where he is pressed upon from without, and where boundless plunder and roaming are reetrained by exterior force. The Arab then partly turns to agriculture, and for this he must in some degree settle. Society harmonizes to this level. Tmde is possible ; corn is sold ; the abba cloaks are woven and exported ; dates are planted. Huta of reeds replace tenta; and one sees in their feeble efforts at reed-onia inentation, and in their rough twisting of their reed-rope for their blinds, the possible genn of some architectural efforts. Yet higher in the scale is the Arab flourishing as an experienced and wealthy merchant in a town, or administering a well-ordered and comfortable rural dishict. Passing among these people, society is seen in its transitional state towards civilisation.