SUB-H13IALAYA is a term originated by 3fr. 13. Hodgson to disting,uish all the mountains and their inhabitants below the snowy range. But the term is inappropriate as it includes precipit ous mountains 8000 and' 10,000 feet high, and people dwelling in them, higher than the highest mountaineers of Europe. The Sub-Himalayas comprised in 13hutan, Sikkim, and Nepal are chiefly occupied by Tibetan or Ilhotia tribes, and by tribes more akin to the Gam-retie ince. The first fossil remains of the colossartortoise, Colos sochelys atlas, were discovered in 1835 in the tertiary strata of the Siwalik Hills, or Sub-Hirni laya skirting the southern foot of the great Ilima laya chain. They were found associated with the remains of four extinct species of mastodon and elephant, species of rhinoceros, hippopotamus, horse, anoplotherium, camel, giraffe, sivathe rim, and a vast number of other mainmalia, in cluding four or five species of quadrurnana. The Siwalik fauna include also a great number of reptilian forms, such as crocodiles and land and fresh-water tortoises. Some of the crocodiles belong to extinct species, but others appear to be absolutely identical with species now living in the rivers of India, in particular to the Crocodilns lorigirostris, from the existin,g forms of which naturalists have been unable to detect any differ ence in heads dug out of the Siwalik Hills.
The same result applies to the existing Emys tectum, now a common species found in all parts of India. A very perfect fossil specimen, pre— senting the greater part of the evidence of the dernaal scutes, is undistinguishable froth the living forms, not varying more from these than . they do among each other. There are fair grounds for entertaining the belief as probable that the Colossochelys atlas may have lived down to an early period of the hutnan epoch, and since become extinct,—lst, from the fact that other ' chelonian species and crocodiles, contemporaries 4' of the colossochelys in the Siwalik fauna, have I survived ; 2d, from the indications of mythology in regard to a gigantic species of tortoise in India. —Campbell, p. 46 ; Jour. As. Soc. Ben., No. 247 of 1855. See Siwalik.