SURVEYS have been in progress in the East Indies ever since the British wen there. Marino surveys front the Red Sea to the Straits of Malacca and China, including the banks and islands to the south of India, were carried out by officers of the Bombay marine, later (in 1832? 1829) designated the Indian Navy. Captains Lancaster (1601), Middleton, Keeling° (1607), Sharpey, Saris to Japan, drew up in 'their voy ages charts and sailing directions, which were condensed into rules for the East India Naviga tions by the famous Captain John Dttvis of Lime house, who made five voyages. Richard Hakluyt, Archdeacon of Westminster, was appointed his toriographer of the East Indies in 1601. In 1616 Edward Wright was appointed to perfect the E. I. Company's charts, and in the same year, on Haklnyt's death, he was succeeded by the Rever end Satnuel Purchas, who in 1625 published Purchits, his Pilgrims, giving an account of the first twenty voyages. Purchas died 1626. The names of some of the later surveyors eau alone be given here. Captains John Ritchie, 1770 to 1785 ; Lacam, 1770 ; Huddart, 1780-1790 ; John M`Clner, and Lieutenants IVedybrongh and Court, 1790-1793 ; Lieut. Blair, 1777 and 1795 ; Captain Michael Topping, 1788 to 1794 ; Lieut. Warren, 1805-G.
From 1799 to 1820, Sir Home Popham, Lord 'Valentin, Captain Keys., Capt.ain Court, Mr. Salt, and others were examining the Red Sea ; and subsequently, the coasts of Southern Asia have been surveyed by Captains 11taxfield; Knox, Lloyd, James Horsburgh, and Crawford. In the Persian Gulf (1820-1830), Captains Guy and Brucks, Ross, Owen, Haines, Kempthorne, Cogan, Pinching, Ethersay, Whitelock, Lynch, and Houghton. In the Red Sea, Captains Moresby, Elwon, the brothers John and James Young, nephews of Horsburgh, Pinching, Powell, Barker, Christopher Wellsted, Felix Jones, Grieves, Car less. Subsequently Captain Moresby, with some of these officers, and with Lieutenants Robinson, Macdonald, Itiddle, surveyed the Maldives, the Chagos Archipelago, and the Soya.
From 1806 to 1834 there was a Marine Surveyor Generalship at Calcutta, filled by Court, Mudd Ross, and Lloyd ; and from 1828 to 1838, during Sir Charles Malcolm's conunand of the Indian navy, there were several well-equipped surveys. But from 1861.to 1871 Indian coast surveys were stopped altogether, and in the interval many original drawings, which had cost tnillions, were lost.
In 1820, a survey of the Persian Gulf was com menced under Captain Guy of the Discovery, 268 tons, with Captain Brucks as his assistant, in the brig Psyche. He was succeeded by Captain Brucks, who bad under him Lieutenants Haines, Kempthorne, Cogan, Pinching, Ethersay, White lock, and Lynch, all of them men of scientific and literary attainments, with Lieut. Houghton,
an accomplished draughtstnan. While surveying, they suppressed piracy and the slave trade. The survey was continued until 1830. Captain 13rucks retired in 1842, and resided at and became Mayor of Exeter, where he died in 1850.
Surveys, in British India, are be. ink conducted by the archreological, cadastral, field, geological, marine, revenue, trigonometrical, and topograph ical departments, and geographical research by the aid of learned Asiatics' termed pandits. Colonels Lambton, Everest, Waugh, Walker, and Thuillier have been prominent chiefs of the Trigonometrical Survey.
The greater portion of the North-West Provinces of India has been surveyed by Governinent officers. The area of each village (or rather parish, to uso an English term) is given in impenal acres, but tho areas of the fields appertaining to each village are given in local biglias. The introduction of the acre therefore was only partial. In the surveys lately made in the Bombay Presidency, the area of each field is recorded in acres, not only in the English, but in the vernacular accounts, and tho term is well known and understood among the people. In the Madra.s Presidency, the districts of Bellary and Cuddapah were measured field by field (as far as the land was cultivable) in acres in 1803, and Kurnool in the satne way in 1842. In Salem, the records of field measurements, made about 1800, are entered both in the native tertns and their equivalents in acres, and the acre is by far the best known. Colonel Thuillier pressed forward the revenue and topographiml surveys for twenty years. In a period of thirty years, with but very few parties at the commencement, and only increasing very gradually, 160,000 square miles of country, an area considerably larger than the whole of the British islands, was completed and mapped by one branch of the department alone, at a cost of not more than thirty-two shillings and eightpence per mile ; ,whiLst the revenue surveys likewise yielded excellent topograpical maps on a shnilar scale of 364,000 square miles of country, between the years 1846 and 1866, or during Colonel Thuillier's incumbency and super intendence of the operations, at a ineau average cost of fifty shillings and eightpence per square mile. The combined results form the large area of 524,000 square miles, or upwards of four times that of Great Britain, executed at a total cost of Rs. 1,25,00,000, yielding a mean average rate of forty-seven shilling,s and threepence.—Amt. lud. Adm. xii. p. 81 ; Home News; E. I. Marine Surveys, 1871.