Csoma de Koros resided for many years in the cowitry, engaged in philological inquiries. Drs. Thomson and Hooker and Lieutenant Strachey added largely to the knowledge of the country ; and a convention agreed to at Chefoo by Sir Thomas Wade makes express provision for a British embassy to proceed to Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.
Races.—The inhabitants all belong to the Mongo lian family. As a general rule, the Himalaya divide Hindustan from Bhotland, but there are Bhot in several parts south of the crest of those mighty mountains, in Garhwal and Kamaon. M'hon is the name given in Tibet to all the hill people be tween the plains of India and Tibet. The Tibetans and Nepalese are Mongols, and have all the characteristics of the Mongol race. The people of Leh, the Eastern Tibetans, call themselves Ithotia, or inhabitants of Ilhot. They are not so tall and are stouter made than the Tibetans of Balti or Little Tibet. The Bhot of Ladakh is strong, hardy, short, and square, with a decidedly Mongol physiognomy,—by which is meant a fiat face, broad cheek, &premed nose, very large ears, oblique and narrow eye curtained at the corners, black hair, and low stature, their average height being 5 feet 6.1 inches ; the skulks are 1C8F1 Mongolian, having a capacity of 72 cubic inches, 80 cubic inches being a fair capacity for it European.
The Thorpa tribe dwell in Kara Tibet, S. of the Gobi. They are supposed to be descendants of the Uigur tribe.
The Hor or llor-pa are a branch of the Eluth. dwelling to the north of Kara Nor, and are called by the Mongols, Saraigol or Karagol, and by the Tibetans, Sogh-po or notrwles.
Mr. I3rian Hodgson furnished vocabularies of the Si-fan and Hor-sok, and of the languages of Northern and South-Eastern Tibet, the Tho-ehtt, Lok-pa, Gyami, Gyarong, Ilor-pa, Tak-pa, and Man-yak.
Trade.—All the inhabitants of the snow valleye trade; they reside from March until November in the valleys just under the glutts, where a scanty cultivation is carried on by their women, and whence the men take flour, rice, cotton, sug,ar, etc., into Tibet, bringing back borax, salt, and wool. But from November to March they abandon the Snowy Ranges for the banks of the Alaknanda about Kurupryag, Nandpryag, etc., and carry on interchanges with the traders at Najibabad. They use the Chour-gai or yak for transport; it carries 150 t,o 200 lbs. It is pur
chased at from 10 to 15 rupees. Gold, like all else of a yellow colour in Tibet, is sacred to the Grand Lama. The gravel of the northern steppe5 of Tibet yields gold in grains, but the value of the crude borax of the lakes surpasses, as an article of trade, that of the precious metal. Gold it found on the banks of the Bastin stream in Littlt Tibet. Vigne had no doubt that the drun oi marmot of little Tibet are the ants as big ai foxes,' noticed by Herodotus as throwing tit gold. Nagyr is celebrated for its gold washings Tavernier tells us (p. 156) that toward tin Tibet, which is the ancient Caucasus, in thi territories of a raja beyond the kingdom of Kashmir, there are three mountains close one by another, one of which produces excellent gold the other granite, and the third lapis-lazuli. Thokjalung, in latitude 32°, is the chief golc field of Western Tibet. It is a large desolate plain about 16,000 feet above the level of the sea and in 1868 the pandit sent by Captain Mont. gomerie saw a nugget weighing 75 tolas, over 2 lbs In Tibet the gold fields are said to extend fron Rudok to Lhassa, or eleven degrees of longitudt =700 milea. They also extend northerly te between Aken and Ili. Numerousparts of Centra Russia and China also contain gold.
Rank.—In Tibet, civil and inilitary appointment: are nuele by the Dalai Lama and the resideel Chinese minister of Anterior Tibet. Their grade' are five, the highest being equivalent to HI Chiueso third, but the button which declares rank in China is worn only by the Tangut, appear to succeed only to hereditary offices; th Lama wear no button, by reason of the peenli arity of their head-elress. In Anterior Tibe are 10 ying, cantonments, or encampment classed as great, 43 as middle-sized, 25 as smar and 14 as frontier posts. In Ulterior Tibet ar 14 middle-class and 15 small ying. The tsan tsan are supported by a contingent of 646 luh ying from Sze-chuen under a yukih, a tune, three captains, and six subalterns, who are distributed through both provinces ; the native soldiery are but 3000,-1000 in Anterior, 1000 in Ulterior Tibet, 500 at Pingjih, and 500 at Dziang. They are divided into small sections of 25 under _a ting-fung ; five of these make three tai-fungs' command • two of these, a yu-fung's ; two of these, a th-fung's ; there are six of the last in Tibet.