While Pir Muhammad was thus occupied, Timur, who had proceeded against the Siah Posh Kafirs, had passed the Hindu ICush by the usual route to Kabul, left that city in August, and marched by liana and Bannu to Dinkot on the Indus. Hc crossed that river by a bridge of rafts and reeds, and marched to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), and down its banks to Tulamba reducing the country as he passed. He levied' a heavy con tribution on Tulamba, which was afterwards sacked, and the inhabitants were massacred by the troops,—it is said without his orders. On the approach of Timur, his ,grandson set out to meet him, and left a garrison in Multan ; they joined Dear the Gara or Sutlej, 25th October 1398.
Timur thence proceeded with a. light detach ment to Adjudin, where he met with no sort of resistance, and spared the town as it had the tomb of a famous Muhammadan saint. He then marched to Bhatner and (9th Nov. 1398) massacre(' the country people who had taken refnge under its walls. The place afterwards surrendered on terms, but the town was nevertheless burned, and all the inhabitants put to the sword. He then marched to Samana, where he joined his main body, having slaughtered the inhabitants of every place he passed. From Samana the towns were deserted, consequently there were no more general inassacres. Many prisoners, however, were taken, and on reaching Dehli Timur put to death all of them above the age of 'fifteen, to the number, it is said, of 100,000. Muhammad Taghalaq fled to Gujerat. Dehli surrendered under a solemn pro mise of protection, and on the 17th December 1398 Timm. was publicly proclaimed emperor of India. But plunder and violence brought on resiatance, which led to a general massacre ; some streets were rendered impassable by heaps of dead. and the gates being forced, the whole Moghul army gained admittance, and when the troops were wearied with slaughter, and nothing was left to plunder, he gave orders for the prose cution of his march. On the day of his departure (A.D. 31st December 1398) lie offered up to the Divine Majesty the sincere and humble tribute of grateful praise in the marble mosque which had been erected by the emperor Firoz on the banks of the Jumna. The booty carried off from Dehli is said to have been very great, and the men and women of all ranks whom lie carried into slavery formed a number so large as to overstock the slave-market at Samarcand, and they were sold at two rupees the head ; among them were many of the wives and children of a proud aristocracy. His soldiers are said to have had 160 slaves, and soldiers' boys had 20 slaves to their own share ; and Timur secured for himself the stone-masons for the purpose of erecting a mosque at Samarcand. He then marched to Meerut, where there was ' a general inassacre ; rtnd afterwards crossed the Ganges and proceeded up its banks to Hardwar, where that river leaves the mountains. Several affairs took place with Hindus on the skirts of the hills, in which Timur, though now 65 years of age, exposed his person like a private soldier, and underwent great fatigue. He marched along the foot of the mountains to Jammu, then turned southwards, fell into the route by which he first advanced, and (A.D. 10th March 1399, A.II. 801)
quitted India, leaving anarchy, famine, and pesti lence behind him. For two months Dehli remained without a government, and ahnost without inhabit ants ; and for 36 years there was no kingdom of India, either in name or reality.
In his route from Kabul towards Hindustan, according to Sharif-ud-Din, he went by way of Irjal, Shenuzan, Nugliz, Benoit (or Bannu), and thence to the Indus, at the very place where Jalal-ud-Din, king of Kharaztn, fought with Chengiz Khan, and so heroically swam the river after his defeat, in 1221. Tiniur crossed an extensive desert in his way to Bhatnair, but on his return from the banks of the Ganges he proceeded to the north-west, along the foot of the Siwalik mountains, by Meliapur, Jullundhur, and Jummoo, to the Indus, which he crossed at the same place as before, and in the same manner ; and returned to Samarcand by way of Banuu or Banou, Nughz or Nagaz, ICabul, Bacahin, and Termed. On his return to Samarcand, his first piece of justice was inflicted upon Dina, 'the greatest officer in all the land of Samarcand.' Timur had left him in the city as his magistrate when lie departed, for six I years and eleven months, during which time this man had neglected his duties; so Timm- ordered him to be hanged, and confiscated all his goods. The justice inflicted upon this great man caused terror amongst the people, and the same punish ment was ordered to be inflicted upon another man who had interceded for this magistrate. A councillor named Burado Myra, asked for his pardon if he paid a sum of 400,000 bczants of silver, each bezant being equal to a silver real. Timur approved of this, and when the man had given all lie had, be was tormented to give more ; and as he had no more, lie was hung up by the feet until he was dead. Another piece of justice was inflicted upon a great man, who had been left in charge of 3000 horses when Timm. departed, and "Realise he could not produce thein all. he _ was hanged, although he pleaded that he would produce not only 3000, but 6tX/0 horses, if he would give him time. Ile also ordered justice to be executed upon certain traders who had sold meat for more than it WM worth, and upon shoe makers ; tun" other traders were fined fur selling their goods at a high price. The custom Wall, that when a great man was put to death, he was hanged, bttt the meaner sort were beheaded. On the 8th of January 1405, to invade China, he marched out of Samarcand, in a heavy fall of snow, and, crossing the Jusartes upon the ice, he encamped at a place called Otrar. lit February he was attacked by fever and agne, and he died on the 17th of that month, in the year 1405, aged sixty-nine, leaving 36 inale descendants. Tinittr's body was embalmed with musk and rose-water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin, and sent to Samarcaud, where it was buried. 31irkliond mentions that he was subject to very severe attacks of illness, which not unfrequently succeeded to any change from violent motion in the field to perfect domestic repose.