TUNGUS, a general name applied to a popula tion common to a vast area in Siberia, and China. Their physiognomy connects it with the tribes of Northern Asia in general, and their language forms a transition between the monosyllabic and agglutinate forms of speech. These tribes under Chinese rule, in Manchuria, on the watershed of the Amur or Saghalin, are termed Manchu, and the Tungus, under the name Manchu, constitute the dominant population of China itself. The Man chu proper have a literature with an alphabet modified from the Mongol. They are agricultural and industrial. With two exceptions, the tribes of the Amur belong to tho Tnnguzian stock. The language of the Gilyak, on the Lower Amur, differs from the Tunguzian dialecta along the river, but the features of these Gilyak are still Mongol ; they have small obliquely-set eyes, pro minent cheek-bones, and scanty beards. With the Aino on Saghalin, tho languago differs both from the Tunguziati and Gilyak. Their features are decidedly not Mongol, and they aro distin guished by a great profusion of hair. The Tunotizian tribes either aro nomades, keeping lienrs of reindeer or horses, or they subsist upon the produce of their fisheries. The reindeer
Tunguzians are called °ropelion or Oroke, a word signifying reindeer-keepers, and arc met with on the Upper Amtir and on Saghalin, and there is one tribe along the sea-coast still called Orochi or Orochon. The Manyarg,. and the kindred Birar and Solon on the Nonni, who occupy the vast prairies above the Bureya mountains, keep large herds of horses. The Goldi, Olcha (Mangun), Gilyak, Orochi of the sea-coast, and Aino are fishermen and hunters • and the Goldi, especially those settled on the S'ungari, cultivate ; but tho Manchu and Chinese, and the Damian living amonoost them, on the Middle Amur, till tho ground to a larger extent.
Orotichon of tho Upper Amur, . . 260 Itlanyarg and Birar, . . . . 3000 Daunan, etc., 2000 Goldi on the Amur and Usuri, . 3560 Olcha (itlangun) ou the Amur, . 1100 Negidal and Kile (Sanager), . . 1000 Orochi of the sea-coast, . . 1000 Oroke on Saghalin, . . . 1000 Gilyak on Lower Amur and Saghalin, 8180 Aino on Northern Sagbalin, . 1000 Chinese on the Usuri, etc., . . 1400 —Ttavenstein's Russians on the Amur ; Latham.