Of the flora of Australia, Pittosporum and Sea:vola are found all over India and Africa ; and of two species of Stylidium, one extends to Mid napur in the Gangetic delta, and one in the Malay Peninsula, along with several genera of Myrtacem (Leptosperinum, Bcekia, Metroaideros), and the genus Tristania, which advances to Moul mein, in lat. 17° N. Also the Casuarina grows wild up to Itamree, Helicia in the Malay Peninsula, and the Lagenophora of N. Zealand and Australia has a representative in the Khassya and Ceylon. Many species of tropiall plants of the Neilgherry and Khassya Hills, of Ceylon, and of the Him alaya, are identical with Javanese mountain plants. Gaultheria nummularia is found in the N.1V. Himalaya, through the whole range into the Khassya, and also on the Javanese mountains 3000 miles distant. The Sedg,wi.ckia cerasifolia. of Griffith (Liquidamber altingia of Blume), also the curious Cardiopteris lobata, several oaks and cliesnuts, Antidesma a willow, and Myrica, aro common to the KlutsLya and Java ; aud Marlea is spread into China, throughout the Himalaya, and to the mountains south of Kashmir.
Amongst the Indian flora are many temperate genera and species which are common to N. America west of the Rocky Mountains, besides many tropical species that are also Malayan and West Polynesian.
The Chinese type is abundant in the temperate reoions of the Himalaya, is fully developed in the Kgassya, in Sikkim, and Butan, and extends west ward to Garhwal and Kamaon. Chinese and Japanese species of Aucuba, Helvineia, Stachy urns, EnkLanthus, Abelia, Skimmia, lucklandia, Adamia, 13enthamia, Corylopsis ; and of those common to India and China are Microptelea par. vifolia, a species of elm, Hamamelis Chinensis, Nymph= pyginma, and Vaecinium bracteattun, all of the Khassya ; Quercus serrata of China; Nepal, Sikkim, and the Khassya ; while species of Illicium occur in the Khassya, Thea in Assam, and Magnolia in Sikkim aud Khassya, with species of Camellia, Deutzia, Hydrangea, Viburnuni, several Cornem and Houttuynia. Schizandrete are peculiarly characteristic of the Chinese ilom, but also extend into Java. Lardizabalem belong to tho Himalaya, Japan, and China. The fern Bowringia is found in Hong-Koug and in the Khassya ; and the geuera Daphne, Bucklandia, Enkianthus, Ilenslowia, Scepa, Antidesma, Ben thamia, Gonghia, 3Iyrica, and others are both Chinese and Indian. Euryale fere: is abundant in. China, in the delta of tho Ganges, and in Kashmir ; and Nepenthes phylkunpliorn is a native of the Khassya, of Macao, and of the Louisiade Archipelago.
The Siberian type of plants is very fully repre sented in the upper and alpiue regions of the Himalaya, and is most confined to the drier parts of the chain, but may bo observed even in tho most humid regions of the Himalaya, and occa sionally on the mouutains of tropical India. It
approaches in many respects to tho south Euro pean vegetation, but is characterized by the pre dominance of 'Purnariacete, Potentilhe, Legurni nosm (especially Hedysarum and Astragalete), of Umbelliferm, Lonicera, Artemisia, Pedicularis, and Boraginem, and by the rarity or total absence of the European Cistacem, Rosa, Rebus, Trifolium, Erica, ferns and other cryptogams. Artemisia and Astragaius of the Siberian type are abundant throughout Tibet and the interior Himalaya, are represented by a few species in the plains of the Panjab and on the Khassya rnountains. Spirma Kamtschatika, Charnmdrifolia, and Sorbifolia, and Paris polyphylla are alike Siberian and Himalayan forms, while Corydalis Siberica and Nymphma pumila are identical in Siberia and on the Khassya Hills.
.European.-222 British species have been ascer tained to extend into India, and a multitude of monntain plants, many of them the most conspicu ous in Europe, range from the coasts of the Levant and the Black Sea to the Himalaya. This is the more remarkable, as the Himalaya range is, in idea rather than really, connected with the mountains south of the Caspian, or with the Caucasian Alps, or those of Asia Minor, for the mountain mass of Asia sinks to the westward of Afghanistan, rising again only in isolated peaks. The Corylus colurna (C. lacera, Wall.) ranges from the Levant and the Black Sea to the Himalaya. Quercus ilex, tilmus campestris, Celtis Australis and orientalis, extend from Spain to the N.W. Himalaya ; but the walnut, ivy, juniper, yew extend from Europe through the Himalaya, across China through Mexico, and throughout N. America, 'The yew, the juniper,•Aquilegia vulgaris, Calla palustris, etc., are common to most' parts of Europe, N. Asia, the Himalaya, and N. America. The Mediterranean flora, Celt's, Quercns ilex, Olea Europea, Myrtus communis, etc., are also Him alayan plants. The European plants, however, rapidly disappear to the east of Kamaon, but there is a bleeding of the European flora on the east of the Himalayan chain ; as to the east wards, there is a mixture of Chinese and Malayan forms with that of the Himalaya.
Many North African or Arabian forms, such as Peganum, Harreala, Fagonia cretica, Balanites /Egyptiaca, Acacia Arabica, Alhaji, Grangea, Calotropis, Salvadora Persica, extend through the drier parts of India ; and others, Cleome, Bal samodendron, Astracralus hamatus, Cucumis colo cynthis, Berthelotia,tAnticharis Arabica, etc., have a less extensive range, and there is a striking resemblance between the vegetation of tropical Africa and tropical Asia.