Esbach's albuminometer is valuable in determining the amount of albumin. George Rosenfeld (Berliner klin. Woch., July 25, '93).
In polyuria also the urine is voided frequently, but without any pain or pur ulent sediment. (Lebert.) are more liable than women to vesical catarrh. Traumatism is a frequent cause; injuries, such as blows and pelvic fractures, more particu larly of the pubic bone, though both are rather rare conditions. Operations of lithotomy, lithotrity, catheterism, injec tions; pressure, as in prolonged and in strumental labors, in which class of cases gangrene of the walls of the viscus has been known to ensue, followed by a large vesico-vaginal fistula. Mechanical irrita tion of foreign substances in tbe bladder, such as calculi; the poisonous effect of certain drugs, as the chemical action of cantharides and some of the mineral poisons; the action of the urine itself, retained and decomposed, as in stricture and in prostatic enlargement; inflam mations of neighboring parts, as the kid neys, prostate, rectum, urethra, and, when so developed, it is in consequence of a pre-existing gonorrhoea, a prostatitis, or the presence of a stricture,—urethral or rectal,--etc.; acute cystitis sometimes develops secondarily in the course of the infectious diseases.
Frequency of cystitis in the course of infectious diseases attacking nursing children. Thirty eases observed all un der one year of age; all girls, suffering from broncho-pneumonia, acute gastro enteritis, meningitis, etc., which nearly always ended fatally. The etiology is nearly always dependent upon retention, the result of the grave general disease. Finkelstein (Revue Prat. d'Obstet. et de Gynec., July, '97).
Study of bladder affections developing in workers in coal-tar-color factories. Those workers are most liable to stran gury and lilernaturia who are engaged in making aniline (amidobenzol), toluidin (amidotoluol), and naphthalin and naph thalamin (ainidonaphthalin), and par ticularly those engaged in preparing fuchsin, which is a combination of ani line and toluidin. There is, however, a distinct individual susceptibility. Otto Liehtenstern (Deutsche med. Woch., 1 Nov. 10, '98).
Regarding the bacterial origin of cystitis, James Tyson states that the question of whether the obstructive causes enumerated are of themselves suf ficient, or whether they may simply sup ply the conditions favorable to, the opera tion of bacteria, may be considered un settled at the present day. J. W. White
and Edward Martin, on the other hand, hold that all cases of cystitis are tm doubtedly due to the presence of patho genic organisms. Among the organisms capable of producing inflammation may be mentioned the streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, diplo coccus, bacterium coli commune, tuber cle bacilli, etc.
The bacterium coli is one of the most common germs found in cystitis. It may enter the bladder by passing through the urethra, or from the neighborhood through the vesical wall; but it may also enter the blood-vessels and pass out again through the kidneys when the latter are in a morbid state. Thus this bacterium may be a cause of cystitis when predisposing conditions exist. Of 37 cases of cystitis examined, the colon bacillus was found in 13 (12 times soli tary); diplococcus urere liquefaciens 11 times (9 times solitary) ; proteus Hauser 5 times (3 times solitary), and staphy lococcus pyogenes 4 times (3 times soli tary). 31. 31elchior (Ugeskrift for ',tiger, '97).
Analysis of forty-six cases. Conclusion that cystitis (with certain rare excep tions of chemical or toxic origin) is always due to micro-organisms, the bac terium coli commune being the most common. The mucosa of the bladder, however, must previously be in a condi tion favorable to infection. Karger (Centralb. f. Gynlik., No. 2, '98).
Lyinph-nodules are almost always present in the bladder and the ureters, giving rise at times to a peculiar in flammation personally termed nodular cystitis. Alexander (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., May 7, '98).
There is no better method of causing cystitis than the attempt to perform catheterization without full antiseptic precautions. The catheter should never be passed without the exposure and cleansing of the meatus urinarius. The cleansing should be done with bichloride solution 1 to 1000, and a sterilized cath eter passed under the guidance of the eye. .As a lubricant, the best is boro glyceride solution. Noble (Gaillard's Med. Jour., Apr., '9S).