Case with right hemiplegia, with tem porary conjugate deviation of the eyes, excited by attempts to converge the eyes strongly toward the middle line. The autopsy proved this to be due to irrita tive implication, without destruction of the region shown experimentally by Fer rier, Horsley, Beevor, Shafer, and Mott to be related as a centre to these move ments. Delepine (Brit. Med. Jour,, Sept. 10, '92).
Case of pure motor aphasia, with ability to read and write down thought fluently with the left hand, due to ex tensive softening, principally affecting the left frontal convolutions, extending deeply, even to the internal capsule in the white substance.
Case in accord with the statement that ability to understand words might be retained, with complete involvement of the frontal convolutions, and that agra phia does not, as claimed by some, belong to Broca's aphasia. Kostenitsch (Centrelb. f. klin. Med., Mar. 31, '94).
Motor speech-centre capable of further subdivision into subareas representing various perversions of functions which are in relation, through isolated lesions, to the subtypes of motor aphasia, includ ing the ataxic and amnesic, the agraphic and others. 1Vylie (Archives Clin. de. Bordeaux, Oct., '93, to May, '94).
Sole well-demonstrated anatomical lo calization is that of the foot of the left frontal convolution. Bernheim (Le Bull. Med., Oct., '94).
Case of Jacksonian epilepsy accom panied by motor aphasia without agraphia, conclusively proving that the former may exist without the latter. There is too great a tendency to regard language as a special and isolated phe nomenon among manifestations of nerv ous centres. Prevost (Revue Med. de la Suisse Rom., June, '95).
Disturbances in fifteen cases of cortical motor aphasia due to destruction of Broca's convolution correspond exactly to the description given by Trousseau. Patients read as badly as they write. It is incorrect to maintain that they pre serve ability to read mentally. Dejerine (Le Bull. Med., July 10, '95).
Case of syphilitic apoplexy, right hemi plegia, motor aphasia, and word-blindness without blindness for words or objects. Visual field showed no contraction or hetnianopsia. Lannois (Le Bull. 316d., Sept., '95).
Case of motor aphasia following in fluenza which occurred in a previously healthy woman. There were likewise present paresis of the right arm, and paralysis of the left vocal cord. Sensa tion was somewhat diminished on the right side of the face and in the right arm. The patient could neither speak, repeat, nor write a single word, but could understand everything and read both written and printed words. The symp toms were traced to two lesions: 1. To ulcerative laryngitis with peripheral paralysis of that branch of the inferior laryngeal nerve which supplies the pos terior cricoarytenoid muscle. 2. To cere
bral haemorrhage which caused the apha sia and the paralysis of the face and arm. Kohan and Stembo (Schmidt's Jahrbucher, B. 250, H. 33, '96).
Case showing that associated move ments of the arm and hand, which are observed in certain people when speak ing, may be unusually prominent in pathological conditions of the speech centres. R. Remak (Neurol. Centralb., Jan. 15, '97).
Case of a man who, since his childhood. had practiced the deaf-and-dumb lan guage, employing his right hand almost exclusively. After the occurrence of a cerebral thrombosis, he was entirely unable to communicate with this hand, although the paresis was not great. With the left hand he still expressed himself without difficulty. Grasset (Med. News, Jan. 16, '97).
Case sustaining Pitres and Charcot's view that there must he a homologue of the motor speech-centres, viz.: a spe cial graphic centre containing the mem ories of the motions required for the execution of written characters. Destruc tion of these memories causes inability to write in written characters, while writing with printed characters may be possible with the help of the visual let ter- and word- memories. This centre of the graphic memories is. however, prob ably situated in close proximity to the arm-centre; possibly both may be con tained within the same cortical area. B. Onuf (Jour. Xerv. and Mental Dis., Feb., Mar., '97).
There are four centres in the cerebral cortex which are concerned in the pro duction of spoken and written language. Two of these, in the posterior parts of the cerebrum, correspond in position to the visual and (as far as is known) audi tory centres, and are of the ordinary sen sory type; the others, in the second and third frontal convolutions, respectively, are excitomotor centres for writing and speech. There is a system of commis sures between the various centres, the value of which is exemplified by such actions as reading aloud and writing from dictation. When any particular channel is blocked, other commissures may take on the work. This is especially true of the callosal fibres connecting the two hemispheres. Aphasia depends either upon damage to one or other of the four centres in the dominant hemi sphere, or upon interruption of the com missures connecting them. Attention called to the considerable power of re ciprocal substitution possessed by the visual and auditory word-centres for the production of speech and writing, re spectively, and to the fact that in all probability both auditory word-centres and not, as formerly believed, the left alone—are accustomed to act on Broca's centre in the production of speech. H. C. Bastian (Lancet, April 3, May 1, '97).