Fullers Earth
Fuller's Earth Is A Soft, Friable, Coarse Or Fine Grained Mass Of Lithomarge Clay. Its Color Is Greenish, Or Yellowish Gray ; It Is Dull, But Assumes A Fatty Lustre Upon Pressure With The Fingers, Feels Unctuous, Does Not Adhere To The Tongue, And Has A Specific Gravity Vary Ing ...
Fumigation
Fumigation, Is The Employment Of Fumes Or Vapors To Purify Articles Of Sip= Pare], And Goods Or Apartments Supposed To Be Imbued With Some Infections Or Contagious Poison Or Fumes. The Vapors Of Vinegar, The Fumes Of Burning Sulphur, Explosion Of Gunpowder, Have Been Long Prescribed And Practised, But They ...
Furnaces
Furnaces Bear Various Names, Ac Cording To Their Purpose. The Object Of All Is To Procure Great Heat, Directly Ap Plicable To The Purpose. Iron Furnaces Consist Of,a Cone 20 Or 30 Feebdeep, To Receive The Ore, The Flux, And The Coke Or Fuel, In Layers, With Tin Ash Grate ...
Fusee
Fusee. In Watch-work, That Part Of The Machinery About Which The Chain Is Wound, And Which Is Immediately Acted Upon By The Mainspring. The Use Of The Fusee Is To Equalize The Action Of The Spring. In Proportion As The Spring Becomes Wound, Its Effort Tinually Relaxes.;. So That If ...
Gall Nuts
Gall-nuts. Excrescences Produced By The Cz/nips, A Small Insect Which Depo Sits Its Eggs In The Tender Shoots Of The Quercus Infectoria, A Species Of Oak Abun Dant In Asia Minor. When The Maggot Is Hatched It Produces A Morbid Excres Cence Of The Surrounding Parts, And Ulti Mately Eats ...
Galvanized Iron
Galvanized Iron Is The Some What Fantastic Name Newly Given To Iron Tinned By A Peculiar Patent Process, Whereby It Resists The Rusting Influence Of Damp Air, And Even Moisture, Much Longer Than Ordinary Tin Plate. The Fol Lowing Is The Prescribed Process. Clean The Surface Of The Iron Perfectly ...
Gas Coal Manufacture Of
Gas (coal) Manufacture Of. The Separation And Purification Of The Volatile Elastic Fluids From Pit Coal, Which Have The Property Of Giving Out Light When Burned. They Are Various Coin Pounds Of Carbon And Hydrogen, Accom Panied By Hydrogen And Carbonic Oxide In Large Quantity. The Application Of The Gases ...
Gelatine
Gelatine Is An Animal Product Which Is Never Found In The Humors, But It May Be Obtained By Boiling With Water The Soft And Solid Parts ; As The Muscles, The Skin, The Cartilages, Bones, Ligaments, Tendons, And Membranes. Isinglass Con Sists Almost Entirely Of Gelatine. This Substance Is Very ...
Geodesy
Geodesy. A Word Occasionally Used, Which Literally Signifies The Division Of The Earth, In Which Sense It Is Synonymous With Land Surveying ; But It Is Usually Em Ployed In A More General Sense To Denote That Part Of Practical Geometry Which Has For Its Object The Determination Of The ...
Giinp Ow De
Giinp Ow De It Is Explosive Nitre Brought Into Intimate Contact With In Flammable Sulphur And Charcoal. 75 Of The Nitre, 16 Of Charcoal, And 9 Of Sul Phur, Pounded As Paste With Wooden Mortars, Fixed In A Wheel For 12 Hours. It Is Granulated By Being Forced Through A ...
Gilding
Gilding. The Application Of A Su Perficial Coat Of Gold On Wood, Metal, And Other Materials. The Beauty And Dura Bility Of Gold Render It The Most Valuable Of All Ornamental Substances ; But, On Ac Count Of Its Weight And High Price, Its Use In These Respects Would Be ...
Glass
Glass Is A Transparent Solid Formed By The Fusion Of Officious And Alkaline Matter. It Was Known To The Phenicians, And Constituted For A Long Time An Exclu Sive Manufacture Of That People, In Con Sequence Of Its Ingredients, Natron, Sand, And Fuel, Abounding Upon Their Coasts. It Is Probable ...
Glass Coloring
Glass Coloring. Mr. G. Bon Temps Has Shown That All The Colors Of Theprismatic Spectrum Might Be Given To Glass By The Use Of The Oxide Of Iron In Varying Proportions And By The Agency Of Different Degrees Of Heat ; And That All The Colors Are Produced In Their ...
Glass Painting
Glass Painting. In Painting, The Method Of Staining Glass In Such A Manner As To Produce The Effect Of Repre Senting All The Subjects Whereof The Art Is Susceptible. A French Painter Of Mar Seilles Is Said To Have Been The First Who Instructed The Italians In This Art, During ...
Glazing Earthenware And Porcelain
Glazing Earthenware And Porcelain. In The Bisquet State, Earthenware And Porcelain Will Adhere To The Tongue, And Imbibe Moisture. The Tendency Of The Earths To Absorb Water Is The Cause ; And The Ware In This State Would Not Retain Water And Many Other Liquids. Hence, There Is Necessity For ...
Gltphography
Gltphography. A Method Of Ex Tending Pictorial Illustrations, Invented By Mr. E. Palmer, Of London, England. It Is An Process, Which Can Tiles The Artist To Become The Engraver Of His Own Work. The Drawing Being Made Upon A Copper Plate, Upon Which A Suita Ble Ground Has Been Laid, ...
Glue
' Glue Is :substance Gelal Tineio A Dry'state.' • The Preparation And Preservation Of The Skin And Other Animal Matters Employed' In' The Manufacture Of Glue, Constitute Ti Peculiar Branch Of In Dustry. Those Who Exercise It Should Study To Prevent The Fermentation Of The Substances, And To Diminish' The ...
Gold
Gold. This Metal Is Distinguished By Its Splendid Yellow Color ; Its Great Density =19.3, Compared To Water Po ; Its Fusibility At The 82d Degree Of Wedge Wood's Pyrometer ; Its Pre-eminent Duc Tility And Malleability, Whence It Can Be Beat Into Leaves Only One 282,000th Of An Inch ...
Gold Beating
Gold-beating. The Malleability And Extreme Divisibility Of Gold Are The Foundation Of The Art Of Gold-beating. In Consequence Of The Wonderful Extension Which The Gold-beater Is Enabled To Give To This Precious Metal, It Is Employed For Ornamental Purposes To An Extent Which; From Its Comparative Scarcity, Would Oth Erwise ...
Gold Chloride Of
Gold (chloride Of). • Grodt Difficulty Has Hitherto Occurred In Preparing The Chloride Of Gold, Of The Yellow And Red Colors, Perfectly Soluble In Water, And Without Suffering Reduction. The Follow Ing Processes Are Recommended For This Purpose:— 1st. In Order To Prepare The Yellow Salt Of Gold, Take Aqua ...
Grafting
Grafting. The Operation Of Affix Ing One Portion Of A Plant To Another, In Such A Manner As That Vital Union May Take Place Between Them. A Graft Con Sists Of Two Parts ; The Stock Or Stein, Which Is A Rooted Plant, Fixed In The Ground, And The Scion, ...
Granite
Granite Is Considered As The Foun Dation Rock Of The Globe, Or That Upon Which All Secondary Rocks Repose. From Its Great Relative Depth, It Is Not Often Met With, Except In Alpine Situations, Where It Presents The Appearance Of Hav Ing Broken Through The More Superficial Strata Of The ...
Gray Dye
Gray Dye. The Gray Dyes, In Their Numerous Shades, Are Merely Various Tints Of Black, In A More Or Less Diluted State, From The Deepest To The Lightest Hue. The Dyeing Materials Are Essentially The Tannic And Gallic Acid Of Galls Or Other Astringents, Along With The Sulphate Or Acetate ...
Green Pain Ts
Green Pain Ts. Green, Which Is So Common A Color In The Vegetable Kingdom, Is Very Rare In The Mineral. There Is Only One Metal, Copper, Which Affords In Its Combinations The Various Shades Of Green In General Use. The Other Metals Capable Of Producing This Color Are, Chromium In ...
Guano Or Huano
Guano Or Huano. A Substance First Noticed By Humboldt And Sent By Him From Peru To France, Where It Was Ex Amined By Vauquelin. It Is The Excre Ment Of Sea-birds Inhabiting The Coast Of South Seas. Besides Excrement, It Is Made Up Of The Remains Of Penguins, Albatrosses, And ...
Gum
Gum. A Vegetable Product, Distin Guished By Solubility In Water, And In Solubility In Alcohol ; It Is Tasteless And Inodorous. Gum-arabic, Which Is The Produce Of The Acacia Vera, May Be Taken As A Sample Of The _purest Form Of Gum. It Is Imported From Barbary And Morocco. Its ...
Gun Cotton
Gun Cotton Was First Announced By Professor Schonbein, And Shown By Him To The Natural History Society Of Basle In 1846. Shortly After This Bcelt Zer, Otto, And Morel, Discovered Similar Explosive Compounds, All Of Which May Fairly Be Traced To Pelouse And Brae Caurd's Discovery Of Xvloidine. It Has ...
Gypsum
Gypsum. Suviate Of Lime, Alabaster, Plaster Of Paris. Plaster. This Sub Stance Is Found In Three Geological Situa Tions In The Crust Of The Earth : 1st, Among The Early Secondary Rocks ; 2d, In The New Red Sandstone Formations, And Above The Chalk In The Tertiary Beds. The Gypsum ...
Hair
Hair. The Characteristic Covering Of The Mammiferous Class Of Animals. It Consists Of Slender, More Or Less Elon Gated, Horny Filaments, Secreted By A Matrix, Consisting Of A Conical Gland Or Bulb, And A Capsule, Which Is Situated In The Mesh-work Of The Corium, Or True Skin. The Hairs Pass ...
Hair Pencils Or Brushes
Hair Pencils Or Brushes For Painting. Two Sorts Are Made; Those With Coarse Hair, As That Of The Swine, The Wild Boar, The Dog, &c., Which Are Attached Usually To Short Wooden Rods As Handles ; Those Are Commonly Called Brushes; And Hair Pencils, Properly So Called, Which Are Composed ...
Harrow
Harrow. In Agriculture, A Rectan Gular Frame With A Number Of Spikes In Serted In It On One Side. This Frame When Dragged Over Ploughed Land, Breaki The Furrow Slices Into Small Pieces, For The Purpose Of Preparing The Land For Seed In Some Cases, And For Covering The Seed ...
Hat Manufacture
Hat Manufacture. The Mate Rials Used For Making Hats Are, Besides Silk, The Fur Of Hares And Rabbits Chosen From The Long Hair ; Together With Wool And Beaver And Nutria. The Two Latter Are Reserved For The Finer Hats. The Body Of A Beaver Hat Is Made Of Fine ...
Heating By Steam
Steam, Heating By. It Has Been Ascertained That One Cubic Foot Of Boiler Will Heat About 2000 Cubic Feet, 126 Feet Each Way, To An Average Heat Of About 70° Or 80° Fahr. And One Square Foot Of Surface Of Steam-pipe Is Adequate To The Warming Of 200 Cubic Feet, ...
Heliochromatype
Heliochromatype. Under The Article Daguerreotype, Notice Has Been Taken Of The Attempts Of Becquerel And Hill, To Produce Naturally Colored Impres Sions On The Silver Plate. In March Of This Year (1851), M. Niepce De St. Victor Communicated To The Paris Academy Of Sciences, A Memoir Showing The Manner Of ...
Hematine
Hematine Is The Name Given By Its Discoverer, Chevreul, To A Crystalline Sub Stance, Of A Pale Pink Color, And Brilliant Lustre When Viewed In A Lens, Which He Extracted From Logwood, The Hcentatoxylon, Campechianum Of Botanists. It Is, In Fact, The Characteristic Principle Of This Dye Wood. To Proeurelaematine, ...
Hemp
Hemp. The Fibres Of The Cannabis Sativa ; A Plant Grown Extensively In This Country, But Mostly In Kentucky And Missouri. It Is A Native Of India And Persia, And Was Thence Introduced Into Europe. Though Much Grown Here, Yet More Is Imported From Russia. It Grows Wild In Many ...
Hemp Brake
Hemp-brake. Mr. Colver, Of Mis Souri, Has Invented A Hemp-brake, Which With Four Men And Two Boys, Will Break 2,240 Lbs. In A Day. This Machine Is Pre Cisely On The Principle Of The Band-brake, The Swords Moving With Great Rapidity. On Each Machine There Are Two Places For Breaking, ...
Honey
Honey, Is The Product Of Flowers, Chiefly Of The Base Of The Pistil, Where It Serves To Entangle The Pollen. It May, By Alcohol, Be Separated Into Two Parts, Yellow And Fluid, And White And Solid. It Is Separated From The Combs By Beat Ing And Stirring Them In Water, ...
Honey Stone
Honey Stone. A Yellow Mineral 'found In Octohedral Crystals At Artern In Thuringia. It Is Extremely Rare. It Con Sists Of A Peculiar Acid (the Melitic Acid) Combined With Alumina And Water. Hop. The Hemet Us Kupulus Of Lin Dmus, The Female Flowers Of Which Are Used For Imparting A ...
Horse Power
Horse Power. It Is Well Known Among Engineers That A Horse Is Capable Of Raising A Weight Of About 150 Lb. 220 Feet High In A Minute, And To Continue Exertions Enabling Him To Do That For 8 Hours A-day. Multiply The Number Of Pounds By The Height To Which ...
Hosiery
Hosiery. The Docking Frame, Which Is The Great Implement Of This Business, Though It Appears At First Sight To Be A Complicated Machine, Consists Merely Of A Repetition Of Parts Easily Understood, With A Moderate Degree Of Attention, Provided An Accurate Conception Is First Formed Of The Nature Of The ...
Hydraulic Mortar
Mortar, Hydraulic, Called Also Roman Cement, Is The Kind Of Mortar Used For Building Piers, Or Walls Under Or Exposed To Water, Such As Those Of Har Bors, Docks, &c. The Poorer Sorts Of Limestone Are Best Adapted For This Pur Pose, Such As Contain From 8 To 25 Per ...
Hydraulic Pressure En Gines
Hydraulic Pressure En Gines. A Mr. Glynn Brought Under The Notice Of The British Association In 1849 The Means Of Employing High Falls Ofwater To Produce Reciprocating Motion, By Means Of A Pressure Engine ; This Latter Acted On By The Power Of A Descending Column Of Water Upon The ...
Hydrocarburets
Hydrocarburets. Compounds Of Hydrogen And Carbon. These Appear To Be Several Definite Combinations Of These Elements ; Among Them The Follow Ing Deserve Especial Notice : 1. Light Car Buretted Hydrogen Gas, Which Is The Fire Damp Of Coal Mines And Of Marshes : 100 Cubic Inches Weigh About 17.4 ...
Iodine
Iodine, Is One Of The Simple Chemical Bodies Which Was Discovered Accidentally In 1812, By M. Courtois, A Manufacturer Of Saltpetre, In The Mother-waters Of That Salt. Its Affinities For Other Substances Are So Powerful As To Prevent It From Ex Isting In An Insulated State. It Occurs Combined With ...
Iron
Iron. Every Person Knows The Man Ifold Uses Of This Truly Precious Metal ; It Is Capable Of Being Cast In Moulds Of Any Form ; Of Being Drawn Out Into Wires Of Any Desired Strength Or Fineness; Of Be Ing Extended Into Plates Or Sheets ; Of Be Ing ...
Ivory
Ivory, Is The Tusk Or Tooth Of Defence Of The Male Elephant. It Is An Interme Diate Substance, Between Bone And Horn, Not Capable Of Being Softened By Nor So Hard And Brittle As Bone. Sometimes It Is An Enormous Size, Weighing Nearly 200 Lbs. It Is Of A Yellowish, ...
Jacquard Machine
Jacquard Machine. A Most In Genious And Beautiful Piece Of Mechanism Ter Producing The Pattern In Figured Weaving, Invented By M. Jacquard, Of Lyons, France, And Since Improved By Some Of The Most Scientific Weavers Of Europe And America. The Pattern Is Produced By A Series Of Perforated Cards Or ...
Jet Deau
Jet D'eau. A Fountain Which Throws Up Water To Some Height In The Air. Ac Cording To The Theory Of Hydrostatics, The Velocity With Which Water Issues From An Orifice Is Equal To That Which Would Be Acquired By A Heavy Body In Falling Through A Height Equal To The ...
Keel
Keel. The Principal Piece Of Timber Of A Ship, Usually First Laid On The Blocks In Building. If We Compare The Body Of A Ship To The Human Skeleton, The Seems To Resemble The Backbone, And The Timbers The Ribs. It Is Generally Com Posed Of Several Thick Pieces Of ...
Kelp
Kelp. A Common Term For Sea-weed Or Vraie, Which Consists Of Different Spe Cies Of Focus (varec). In A Strict Sense, The Term Kelp Is Confined To The Produce Of Sea-weeds When Burned, Which Con Sists Of Alkaline Ashes Used In The Manu Facture Of Glass And Soap. It Has ...
Kermes
Kermes. An Insect Found In Many Parts Of Asia And The South Of Europe ; The Coccus Aids Of Linnaeus. They Were Long Taken For The Seeds Of The Tree On Which They Live, And Hence Called Grains Of Kermes. They Are Used As A Red And Scarlet Dye, But ...
Kyanizino
Kyanizino. Lignin Has Also A Strona. At Traction For Alumine ; And Hence Linen, Cotton, Paper, And Other Forms Of This Fibre, May Be Aluminized By Steeping Them In Hydrated Alumina, Diffused Through Water ; Or, More Effectively By Soaking Them In Certain Aluminous Solutions, Dry Ing Them, And Afterwards ...
Laboratory
Laboratory. The Workshop Of A Chemist. Some Laboratories Are Intended For Private Research, And Some For The Manufacture Of Chemicals On The Large Scale. Hence It Is Almost Impossible To Give A Description Of The Apparatus And Disposition Of A Laboratory Which_ Would Be Generally True Of All. A Manufacturing ...
Lace
Lace. Is A Species Of Net-work Made Of Silk, Thread, Or Cotton, Upon Which In Old Times Patterns Were Embroidered By The Needle After Its Construction. It Is Now, However, Almost Always Formed Du Ring The Construction. The Best Laces Are Made At Mechlin, Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, And Valenciennes. In ...
Lakes
Lakes. Under This Title Are Compris Ed All Those Colors Which Consist Of A Ve Getable Dye, Combined By Precipitation With A White Earthy Basis, Which Is Usu Ally Alumina. The General Method Of Preparation Is To Add To The Colored Infu Sion A Solution Of Common Alum, Or Rather ...
Lamp Of Davy
Lamp Of Davy Consists Of A Com Mon Oil Lamp, Surmounted With A Covered Cylinder Of Wire Gauze, For Transmitting Light To The Miner Without Endangering The Kindling Of The Atmosphere Of Fire Damp Which May Surround Him ; Because Carbureted Hydrogen, In Passing Through The Meshes Of The Cylindric ...
Lamps
Lamps Were First Invented By The Egyptians, From Whom They Passed To Greece And Rome. They Were Made Of Baked Earth, Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold, And Glass. Ordinary Lamps Are Only Arrangements Whereby Materials Which Are Fluid At Common Temperatures, As The Oils, Are Consumed. The First Object Is To ...
Lard
Lard. The Flit Of Swine, Which Dif Fers In Situation From That Of All Other Animals, As It Covers The Hog All Over, Forming A Distinct And Continuous Layer Between The Flesh And Skin, Like The Blab Ber In Whales. The Usual Mode Of Pre Paration Is To Melt It ...
Lard Oil
Lard Oil. This Year (1851) There Are 40 Manufactories Of Lard Oil In Cin Cinnati, Large And Small, Which Consume On An Average The Year Round 1000 Pack Ages, Of 300 Lbs. Each, Per Week, Winch Is Equal To 52,000 Packages, Or 15,600,000 Lbs. Per Annum—from This There Is To ...
Lead
Lead. This Is One Of The Metals Most Anciently Known, Being Mentioned In The Books Of Moses. It Has A Gray-blue Color, With A Bright Metallic Lustre When Newly Cut, But It Becomes Soon Tarnished And Earthy-looking In The Air. Its Texture Is Close, Without Perceptible Cleavage Or Ap Pearance ...
Lead Shot
Lead-shot. The Origin Of Most Of The Imperfections In The Manufacture Of Lead-shot Is The Too Rapid Cooling Of The Spherules By Their Being Dropped Too Hot Into The Water, Whereby Their Surfaces Form A Solid Crust, While Their Interior Re I Mains Fluid, And, In Its Subsequent Con Cretion, ...
Leghorn Hats
Leghorn Hats. It Is Chiefly In The Neighborhood Of Florence, Pisa, The District Of Sienna, And In The Upper Part Of The Valley Of The Arno, That The Best Platting Is Made For Straw Hats. The Straw Used In Working These Hats Is Grown In Districts Mountainous And Sterile. It ...
Lens
Lens. In Optics, A Thin Piece Of Glass Or Any Other Transparent Substance, Bounded On Both Sides By Polished Spher Ical Surfaces, Or On The One Side By Spherical And On The Other By A Plain Surface ; And Having This Property, That Parallel Rays Of Light, In Passing Through ...
Level
Level. An Instrument Which Shows The Direction Of A Straight Line Parallel To The Plane Of The Horizon. The Plane Of The Sensible Horizon Is Indicated In Two Ways : By The Direction Of The Plummet. Or Plumb-line, To Which It Is Perpendicular ; And By The Surface Of A ...
Lever
Lever. In Mechanics, An Inflexible Rod Movable About A Fulcrum Or Prop, And Forces Applied To Two Or More Points In It. The Lever Is One Of The Me Chanical Powers ; And, Being The Simplest Of Them All, Was The First That Was Attempt Ed To Be Explained. Its ...