Besides this impaling by way of baron and femme, the husband in Scotland frequently quarters his wile's coat Nvith his own, on account of her being an heiress, i. e. he divides a shield into four equal parts by coupe and party. In the first and fourth areas arc the husband's arms ; in the second and third those of the lady : (See Fig. 5.) But in England the husband of an heiress more commonly places his wife's arms on an inescutcheon in the centre of his coat, and this is termed an escutcheon of pretence. See Fig. 6.
The other methods of accumulating many coats in one shield, which have been of common use in other European countries, have never much prevailed in Scotland. Of these the principal are, FIRST, that by tranchie and taille lines ; thus a coat parted per saltier, is divided into four tonal quarters or areas, &c. called in French tranchee as in the well-known arms of Sicily. Quarterly per saltier, first and fourth, or four pallets gules for Arragon ; second and third argent an eagle displayed sable, beaked and mem bered gules, for Suabia. (Fig. 7.) SECONDLY, (as in Fig. 8 ) by surmounting coats already quartered with inescutcheons, by the French termed surletout. When this inescutchcon is parted, cooped, or quartered with diverse coats of arms, the French call the uppermost le-tout-du-tout. This mode was practised in the achievement of the Princes of Orange, of the family of Nassau, before their late elevation to the kingly rank ; thus, quarterly, 1st, azure semee of billets, a lion rampant or, for Nassau. 2d, Or a lion rampant guardant gules crowned, tangoed, and armed azure, for the country of Catzellenbogen. 3d, Gules a fess argent, for the house of Vianden. 4th, Gran two leopards or langued and armed azure, for the country of Dietz. Over all an inescutcheon by way of surtout, quarterly. 1st and 4th, Gulcs a bend or, for Shallon. 2d and 3d, Or a hunting horn azure virole and stringed gules, for the principality of Orange : which in escutcheon is again surmou:ued by another by way of le tout-du.tout, viz. cheque or and azure of nine points as a coat of pretence for the city of Geneva.
Moreover, in foreign heraldry, the quarters are often di vided by the flak or thefess, which ordinaries are then again charged with escutcheons. And the ordinary of the cross is often used in this very way by ourselves, as in the arms of the St Clairs, Earls of Caithness, who bear quarterly, 1st, azure, a ship at anchor, &c. for the earldom of Orkney. 2d
and 3d, Or a lion rampant gules, for the name of Spurr. 4th, azure a ship under sail, for the title of Caithness; and, over all dividing the coats a cross engrailed sable, for Sinclair.
The third way (Fig. 9.) is by tiercing and engrafting, (by the French called Entee,) an instance of which is to be seen in the arms of the King of Great Britain, whose pater nal escutcheon is, 1st, The arms of Brunswick, gales two lions passent guardant or, impaled with those of Lunen burg or semee of hearts. Gules a lion rampant azure arm ed and langued as the hearts, and grafted by way of entee between the impaling in point ; the arms of Lower Saxony gules a horse current argent ; or, more shortly, Brunswick and Lunenburgh impaled with ancient Saxony entee en pointe.
The fourth and last method proposed for marshalling of arms, is by dividing the shield into a plurality of areas or quarters by many part6e and coo pee lines, which when drawn appeal like the areas of a chequer, divided by per pendicular and horizontal lines. (Fig. 10.) By this method any number of coats may be brought in ; hut it seems to be agreed by the best authors, that the number of marshall ed arms in one shield should not exceed six or eight quar tets at most, and these always charged on the warrantable grounds and reasons of the bearer having many territories or kus, or matching with heiresses, or as arms of alliance or pretension. The Germans, it is true, are in use to ac cumulate twenty or thirty coats in one shield ; but this is always on account of their many territories or fens, to spew how many votes they have in the circles of the empire. The French also have many quarterings, though not so many as the Germans, their feus being neither so many nor so free, and the whole succession of these dignities belonging al ways to the eldest son, whereas in Germany the younger brothers share with the eldest in the dignity and titles of honour of the family. In Scotland, the prejudices of the heralds seem always to have run very strong against many quarterings, in so much that few have followed the exam ple set them by Queen Mary of Lorraine, whose rich and loaded escutcheon is still to be seen in many parts of the kingdom, impaled with the simple bearing of her husband James V.; almost the only instances of the sort being found. in the arms of those Englishmen who were honoured with Scots titles after King James VI. succeeded to the crown of the sister kingdom.