Ararat
Ararat, A Mountain In Armenia, Upon Which The Ark Of Noah Rested After The Deluge. With Respect To The Particular Situation Of This Mountain, There Arc Very Different Opinions. It Is Considered By Some Authors, As One Of The Mountains Which Divide Armenia On The South From Mesopotamia ; And ...
Araucania The
Araucania The Name Of A Great And Independent Nation In South America, Who Inhabit That Part Of Chili, Which Lies Be Tween The Rivers Bio-bio And Valdiva. It Is Bounded On The East By The Andes, And On The West By The Pacific Ocean ; Extending From 36° 44' To ...
Arbela
Arbela, Pun Now Erbil, A Town In Assyria, Ren Dered Famous By The Victory Gained By Alexander Over Darius, Which Decided The Empire Of Asia. It Is Univer Sally Allowed That The Battle Was Fought At Gaugamela, An Obscure Village On The Banks Of The River Bumadus, And About 60 ...
Arbiter
Arbiter, In The Civil And Scots Law, Signifies A Pri Vate Judge, Chosen By Consent (ex Consensu Et Compro Misso) Of The Parties At Variance, For The Purpose Of De Ciding Their Difference, In A More Amicable And Less Expensive Manner, Than By A Trial At Law. The Romans Had ...
Arbitration
Arbitration Is A Private Mode Of Deciding Dif Ferences, By A Reference Of Disputed Claims To The Deci Sion Of One Or More Persons Named As Arbiters By The Parties. This Method Of Terminating Disputes Certainly De Serves Encouragement, On Account Of Its Tendency To Diminish The Expense To Parties, ...
Arcadia
Arcadia, In Ancient Geography, One Of The Seven Districts Into Which Peloponnesus Was Divided. It Oc Cupied The Centre Of That Peninsula, Being Bounded On The North By Achaia ; On The Cast By Corinthia, Argo Lis, And Laconia ; By Messenia On The South, And By Eiis On The ...
Arcesilaus
Arcesilaus, A Grecian Philosopher, Who Is Dis Tinguished As The Founder Of The Middle Academy. He Was A Native Of -eons, And Born In The First Year Of The 116th Olympiad, Or The 516th Year B. C. At Athens, Whither He Was Carried By The Love Of Science, He Had ...
Arch Masonry
Arch Masonry. The Degree Of Holy Royal Arch Mason, Is One Of The Most August, Sublime, And Im Portant In The Order Of Free Masonry, And Is The Summit And Perfection Of Ancient Masonry. While It Impresses On Our Minds A Belief Of The Being And Existence Of A Supreme ...
Archangel
Archangel, A Considerable Town In The Northern Part Of Russia, In Europe, And Capital Of The Province Of The Same Name. It Is Built On The East Side Of The River Dwina, Which Opens Into The White Sea, And The Em Bouchure Of Which Constitutes A Part Of The Gulf ...
Archbishop
Archbishop, A Metropolitan Churchman, Who Has Authority Over Several Bishops, Called His Suffragans. This Title Seems, At First, To Have Been Wholly Of A Personal Nature ; And Given To Those Who, By Their Ta Lents And Respectability, Were Most Distinguished In The Church. It Appears To Have Been Introduced ...
Archery
Archery, The Art Of Using The Bow. It Would Be A Hopeless Attempt To Trace The Origin Of An Art Which Has Been Practised Long Before The Date Of Any History Now In Existence. All That The Ancients Have Said Of Its Invention Is Manifestly Fabulous. Claudian Has Fancifully Told ...
Archimedes
Archimedes, The Most Celebrated Geometer And Mechanic Of Antiquity, Was Born At Syracuse, About The Year 287 Or 291 Before The Christian Xra. Though Cicero Has Unaccountably Applied To Archimedes, The Epithet. Of Humilis Homunculus,* An Appellation Which Could Not Have Been Suggested By The Obscure Origin Of His Mother ...
Architecture
Architecture.) In The Midst Of The Forum Of Antoni Us Pius, A Little Tb The North Of That Of Trajan, Stands The Triumphal Column Of Marcus Aurelius, Covered With The Sculptures Of His Victories, And Not Much Inferior To That Of Trajan. The Only Other Remains Of The Forum Are ...
Archon
Archon, 4exedv, From The Verb ;qv), Impero, Signi Fies A Commander ; But In The Constitution Of The Athenian State, It Denoted The Chief Magistrate. The Athenians, Like All The Other States Of Greece, Were Originally Governed By Kings, Whose Authority, However, Was Considerably Limited By The Laws, And Check ...
Archytas
Archytas, A Pythagorean Philosopher, And The Friend And Contemporary Of Plato, Was The Son Of Hes Timus Of Tarentum, And Flourished About 400 Years Be Fore Christ. When His Master Plato Was Threatened With Death By The Tyrant Dionysius Of Sicily, He Gene Rously Interposed, And Saved His Life. In ...
Arcm
Arcm I Ecture, If Considered In The Utmost Extent Of The Word, As The Art Of Building, Comprehends Every Thing Where Artificial Construction Is Required, From The Most Insignificant Utensils To The Most Magnificent And Most Complicated Work Of Man ; But As, For The Conve Nience Of Investigation, It ...
Ardea
Ardea, Lin. &c. But Much Reduced In Its Range. Heron. Bill As Long As, Or Longer Than, The Head, Strong, Straight, Compressed, Acute, Upper Mandible Slightly Sulcated, Ridge Rounded ; Nostrils Lateral, Placed Almost At The Base Of The Bill, Longitudinally Cleft In A Groove, And Half-closed By A Membrane ...
Arder Ardrah
Ardrah, Arder, Formerly A Kingdom On The Slave Coast Of Africa, But Now A Province Of The Kingdom Of Dahomey. Ardrah, Or Assem, Or Azem, As It Is Called By The Natives, Is The Capital Of The Country : It Was Formerly Nine English Miles In Circumference, And Con Tained ...
Arenar1a
Arenar1a, Bechst. Cuv. Candris, Illig. Leach, Vieill. Tringa And Charadrins, Lin. &c. Sanderling. Bill Middle-sized, Slender, Straight, Soft, Flexible In Its Whole Length, Compressed From The Base, Towards The Tip Depressed, Flatter, And Obtuse; Nostrils Lateral, And Longi Tudinally Cleft ; Legs Slender, With Three Toes Before, Almost Entirely Divided ...
Areopagus
.areopagus, A Sovereign Tribunal Of Athens, So Remarkable For The Purity Of Its Decrees, That The Gods Are Said To Have Submitted Their Differences To Its Deci Sion. With Respect Both To The Name And Origin Of This Celebrated Court, Authors. Seem Much Divided In Opi Nion ; Some Imagining ...
Aretino
Aretino Coin°, A Native Of Arezzo, In Tuscany, Celebrated For His Improvements In Music, Flourished. In The Eleventh Century. He Became A Monk Of The Or Der Of St. Benedict, In Pomposa, Near Ravenna ; And Afterwards Was Made Abbot Of The Convent Of The Holy Cross, At Avellano, In ...
Argentiera
Argentiera, An Island In The Archipelago, Or £gean Sea, Anciently Called Cimolus, Or Cimolis, And Forming One Of The Cyclades. Its Modern Name Is De Rived From Argcntunz, Silver, From The Circumstance C: A Silver Mine Having Been Wrought In The Island. Ar Genticra Presents Nothing But Rocky Hills Unclothed ...
Argithamnia
Argithamnia, A Genus Of Plants, Of The Class Aloncecia, And Order Triandria. See Botany. (so) Argo Nayis, In Astronomy, The Ship Argo, A Con Stellation In The Southern Hemisphere : In The Catalogue Of De La Caille It Contains 258 Stars. That The Shift On The Sphere Relates To Something ...
Argonauts
Argonauts, Famous Heroes Of Antiquity, Whose Names And Exploits Are Celebrated By Almost All The An Cient Historians And Poets. The Fabulous History Of The Argonauts, Is Shortly This. Athamas, King Of Thebes, Had Two Children, Pliryxus And Helle, By His Wife Ne Phele, Whom He Afterwards Divorced To Make ...
Argus
Argus, Tem. Vieill. Phasianus, Lin. Lath. Bill Longer Than The Head, Compressed, Straight, With The Base Naked, The Maxilla Arched, And Bent Down To Wards The Tip; Nostrils Lateral, Placed In The Middle Of The Maxilla, And Half Closed By The Membrane ; Side Of The Head And The Neck, ...
Arianism
Arianism, Those Peculiar Tenets, Concerning The Son Of God, Which Were Originally Held By Arius, A Presbyter Of The Fourth Century. He Maintained, In Op Position To The Received Opinions On This Subject, That The Son Is Essentially Distinct From The Father, That Lie Is Only The First And Greatest ...
Arica
Arica, A Seaport Town In The Province Of Los Char Cas, In Peru, And Capital Of A Jurisdiction In The Diocese Of Arequipa. Arica Was Formerly A Strong And Popu Lous Town ; But It Received Great Injury From An Earth Quake On The 26th November, 1605. It Carried On ...
Aristarchus
Aristarchus, One Of The Most Celebrated Greek Astronomers, Was Born At Samos, And Flourished About The Year 281. According To Vitruvius, (architect. Lib. 1, Cap. 1.) Aristarchus Was One Of The Most Ingenious And Able Men Of His Time, And Was The Author Of Many Useful Inventions. The Pythagorean Philosophers ...
Aristides
Aristides, Surnamed The Just, Flourished At Athens, About The Beginning Of The 6th Century, Before The Chris Tian Xra ; And Was Distinguished By All Those Virtues Which We Are Accustomed To Admire In A Warrior And A Statesman. During The Political Contentions Which Then Agitated The Athenian Government, Aristides ...
Aristippus
Aristippus, The Founder Of The Cyrenaic Sect, Was Born At Cyrene, In Africa, And Flourished About 400 Years Before The Christian Era. Attracted To Athens By The Fame Of Socrates, He Became The Disciple Of This Illustrious Philosopher ; But The Progress Which He At First Made In His Studies, ...
Aristophanes
Aristophanes, A Celebrated Cacetc Comic Ter ; And The Only One Of Whose Dramatic Genius Any En Tire Specimens Have Survived. Of The Circumstances Of His Private Life Little Is Known : Nor Have The Dates Of His Birth And Death Been Ascertained With Any Degree Of Precision. He Flourished, ...
Aristotle
Aristotle, A Philosopher Of The Ionic Scnool, And The Founder Of The Sect Denominated Peripatetics, Was Born About The Beginning Of The 99th (382 Years Before Christ,) At Stagira, A City On The Coast Of Thrace, Afterwards Reduced Under The Power Of Philip Of Macedon. Nicomachus His Father, The Physician ...
Arithmetic
Arithmetic. As We Do Not Mean To Occupy Our Pages With The Numerous Arithmetical Tricks Which Are Now To Be Found In Every Popular Work, We Propose To Confine Our Attention To The Subject Of Magic Squares And Cir Cles. The Following Treatise On This Subject Prepared For This Work ...
Arius
Arius, The Founder Of The Arian Sect, Was A Native Of Lybia, Or, According To Photius, Of Alexandria, And Flourished At The Beginning Of The Fourth Century. With The Circumstances Of His Education And Early Life, We Are Not Fully Or Accurately Acquainted. He First Distin Guished Himself By The ...
Ark Of Noah
Ark Of Noah, A Hollow Vessel, Fitted For Swimming In The Water ; And Built By Noah, Under The Divine Di Rection, For The Preservation Of Himself, His Family, And Other Living Creatures, During The Universal Deluge. Almost Every Circumstance Connected With The Ark, Has Given Rise To Immense Variety ...
Arles
Arles, Formerly Arelata, A City Of France, An Ciently The Capital Of The Kingdom Of Burgundy, And Now The Principal Place Of A District In The Department Of The Mouths Of The Rhone. The Town Is Large But Indiffer Ently Built. It Is Situated On Uneven Ground, Near The Place ...