The vegetable productions of Carniola arc of the same kinds that prevail generally in the surrounding district of country. Wheat, barley, rye, various leguminous crops, and others which contribute most directly and essz.ntially to the support of human life, are raised here in consi derable quantity and perfection. Millet also is a usual crop, as is buckwheat, especially in the sandy pLins. Various and excellent fruits are produced in this country, such as peal s and apples, oranges, citrons, pomegranates, almonds, figs, chesnuts, walnuts, olives, and lemons. Carniola does not yield a great deal of wine ; but what it has, both white and red. is of a superior quality. A great deal of cider is prepared in the province; and, with a view to this, much attention is paid to the propa gation and the management of the apple trees; indeed, the fruit trees in general are well attended to, and in this department a great number of the inhabitants find em ployment. Flax is raised here, and a little hemp. The flax is esteemed to be particularly good. Artificial mea dows are frequent, from w:lich fodder is procured for the maintenance of domestic animals. The ground in this province that is capable of bearing cultivated crops is generally fertile, and, from the management ti,at is adopt ed, is often made to yield two harvests in tne year ; buckwheat being commonly sown after the removal from the fields of the other descriptions of grain, and millet in the places vt hich had been previously occupied with flay or hemp. Truffles, and a variety of medicinal plants, occtir in this district ; and, in treneral, many of tae mountains, by which so much of the whole surface is occupied, present, even in the midst of arid rocl,s, a brilliant vegetation, which, joined to the imposingispect of the extended lakes and rapid rivers in the vicinity, forms the most picturesque views, and recals to the re collection some of the noted scenes of Switzerland.
There is found in Carniola an abundance of good pas turage, by means of which there are maintained numer ous herds of a toierably good, though not the largest breed of cattle. The number of horned animals stated to be in the country in the year 1780, was 44,098. The number of horses, at the same period, is estimated at 16,232. A very fine race of horses is not to be ex pected in mountainous districts like this ; vet, on the mountain of Karst, in this duchy, and in the valley of Geil, in Carinthia, more attention, it may be observed, is paid to the horses, than is usually given in other con tiguous parts; and the horses of Carniola, though gene rally only of a middle size, are yet known to be strong, and very sure footed, and consequently well adapted for carrying burdens over those mountainous grounds. Asses and mules, which are in this respect so well cal culated to be useful in such districts, and may therefore commonly be expected in them, are here pretty numer ous. There are also considerable flocks of sheep, which have been noted for the delicacy and tenderness of their flesh. The rams are without horns; and the fleeces which are borne by the breed of sheep in this duchy, are not inferior in quality to those of Padova. Game
and poultry abound here, as also fish. Numerous bees are reared ; likewise silk worms : both which classes of industrious insects, from the returns which they have yielded, have been found objects well deserving the care of those who have directed to them their attention.
The principal rivers of Carniola are the Save, the Lay bach, the Gurk, and the Cuipa. Of these, the most con siderable is the Save, which takes its rise in Upper Car niola, near to the village of Ratschach, and in its course receives the waters of all the other rivers that have been mentioned. This river, though it flows very rapidly, is yet navigable ; it discharges itself into the Danube at Belgrade, in Servia. The chief lakes of the duchy are the Feldesser, the 1Vochein, and the Zirknitz Sea. Both the rivers and the lakes generally abound with fish.
The duchy of Carniola is subdivided into several infe rior districts. These arc the Upper, Lower, Middle, and Inner Carniolas, and the Austrian Istria. Certain lines of distinction have been traced, by which it has been considered, that those divisions of this territory might appropriately be marked out, and separated from one another. These distinctions arc not, however, in every case very clear, or very significant; and, indeed, any thing of importance relative to this matter might be comprised within very narrow limits. With respect to Upper Carniola, it is observed, that the air of that dis trict is pure and wholesome,—that there is every where found in it an abundance of good spring-water,—and that this division of the country raises commonly a sufficient supply of corn for the support of its inhabitants. Vines succeed here, but they are not found in great quantity. Tile more usually cultivated crops are raised with case, and yield an early and abundant return. Vet the district is mountainous, and the air on the upper grounds so chill, that the inhabitants are exposed to degrees of cold not ihfcrior to those that are experienced in the higher parts of Scotland. Lower Carniola contains many fruit ful vallies and tracts, and yields an excellent wine called Marchevin. Middle Carniola is mountainous, and more meted for the number of its villages, which seem to ply an abundant population, than for the production of the crops that might appear necessary for ueir subsis tence. Inner Carniola is also mountainous, and yn. Ids little corn. Both of these districts, however, produce considerable quantities of wine; and the latter is noted for its breed of horses, which find a ready market in Austria and Italy. Istria is very fertile in wine, oil, corn, and other articles of subsistence. Indeed, in the southern parts of in general, the olive, rice, and other productions peculiar to the warm climates, succeed per fectiy, and arrive at maturity. But it is a material drawback upon the greater part of this whole province. that water is extremely scarce in it, or of very bad qua lity.