In 1798, his Prussian majesty introduced some new regulations into the academy. A directory was chosen for the management of its funds, consisting of a presi dent, the four directors of the classes, and two members to be chosen, not from the academy, but from men of bu siness, who should be at the same time men of learning, and capable of conducting the economical affairs of the institution. The academy had the power of choosing members ; but the king, of confirming or rejecting them. The public library at Berlin, with the collection of natu ral curiosities, was united to the academy, and intrusted to its direction. The great end of these regulations was to turn the attention of the academy to objects of real utility ; to excite the national industry, by improving the arts ; to purify the different systems of moral and literary education ; and to oppose the prejudices of the people, as well as the licentious and destructive efforts of false philosophers.
Since 1743, the transartions of this academy have 13CCII regularly published in a great ' minierof the title or .11 le moues dr C.1 cad nth. I,' ya le des ,S'eirucca et Belle4 Lewes c't -Milo'. A full ziecount of it \till be found in a book Milder], Hivoirc de r Jew! enzie Rywi des Sciences it Belles Eettres a Berlm. The Misce !tuner,. Iltrolinensia were published in 7 ‘ols. 40), from 1710 to 1743. The IIistory and Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin appeared hi 25 vols. 4to, from 1746 to 1771; and the New Memoirs atilt; same academy ill 16 vols. from 1771 to 1787. Another volume appeared in 1792.
The Academy of .Surgery at Vienna was instituted iii 1783, by the present emperor Francis IL under the direction of Brambilla. It had at first only two profes sors, who were intrusted with the education of 130 young men, 30 of whom had been surgeons in the army. But the number both of teachers and students has been much increased. The emperor has provided for them a large and splendid building in Vienna, which contains accom modation both for the teachers and the students ; for clinical lectures, pregnant women, patients and servants. There is also belonging to the institution, a medical library, a complete set of chirurg,ical instruments, an ap paratus for experiments in natural philosophy, a collec tion of specimens in natural history, a number of ana tomical and pathological preparations, a collection of preparations in wax, brought from Florence, and various other useful articles. There is also a good botanical
garden adjacent to the building. Three prize medals, of the value of 40 florins each, are bestowed upon those students who return the host answers to the questions proposed in the preceding year. These prize essays are annually' collected and published.
The Academy of Painting, Sculpture, and ?rchitec ture, was founded at Vienna in 1705, with the view of encouraging and promoting the fine arts.
The Electoral Academy at Etfurt was founded by the Elector of Mentz in 1754, for the purpose of promoting the useful sciences. It consists of a protector, a pre sident, a director, assessors, adjuncts, and associates.
The first volume of their Memoirs, Which are all in Latin, appeared in 1757, in 12mo. In 1784, they began to publish in 4to, and in their own language. In 1799, they changed the form of their volumes to Svo, since which time only one volume has reached this country.
The Electoral Bavarian ..dcademy of Sciences at filunich, established in 1759, published its memoirs under the title of ?bhandhengen dcr Baicrischen Academie. 'Munich, 1763.
The Hessian Academy of .Sciences at Giessen publish ed its transactions, with the title of Acta Phi1oso/i/iieo nnedica Academice Scientiarumprincipalis Hessiacx.Giessx, 1761.
The Academy of Sciences at filtnheim was established by Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, in 1775, accord ing to a plan of the learned Schcpflin, and divided into two classes ; viz. the historical, and the physical. The latter, in 1780, was divided into the physical, properly so called, and the meteorological. The papers of the aca demy have been published in I 1 volumes 4to, under the title of Acta ?cademix The odoro-Palatime. The me teorological observations, after 1781, form 12 volumes 4to, with the title of Epheme'rides Societatis fibteorolo gicx Palatine. An academy of Arts was instituted at Manhenn in 1757 ; but it has been since transferred to Dusseldorf.
An academy was instituted at Tubingen, under the ti tie of The .1enn!mey of :)7(.0 ,iwt lls'ory, for the purpose of publishing the best hist 01 loaf ttritings, and the lives of the chief historians, and lair compiling new historical moirs.
Tile Royer! of Selmer:: fit Brussels publish ed weir memoirs tin a great number of volumes ; the of which appeared in 1777, and the fifth in 1788, in 4to.