The principal sea ports of Germany are lIamburg, Kiel, Lubeck, Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, Stettin, Embden, and Bremen ; its inland towns of great trade are Magde burg, Leipsic, Naumburg, Franefort on the Mayne, Franc fort on the Oder, Vienna, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Bres low, and Ulm. The principal articles of exportation are timber, corn, fruit, wine, tobacco, madder, cobalt, smaltz, potash, horses, oxen, salt and smoked meat, butter, cheese, wax, leather, wool, linen cloth to a very large amount, li nen yarn, lace, lead, copper, brass, quicksilver, mirrors, glass, wooden toys, and trinkets. It imports corn, oxen, and horses, chiefly from Hungary, Poland, and Denmark ; hogs from Hungary ; butter from Ireland and Holland ; all sorts of colonial produce, cotton stuffs, hardware, &c. It carries on a lucrative trade by means of the Danube, with European Turkey, whence it imports an immense quan tity of raw cotton.
The Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and reformed religions, are established in Germany ; but all other sects are tole rated. The Gernr.n language is derived from the Gothic : it is strong, copious, abounding in compound words, but rough in the sound, and involved in the syntax ; the purest dialect is that of Saxony ; the least pure is spoken in the southern provinces. It has been much studied of late years in the other parts of Europe. The literature of Germany, till lately, was more distinguished by erudition than by taste or genius ; and even yet, the history of lite rature and statistics are more cultivated in Germany than elsewhere. There are upwards of 30 universities, some of which are of great repute ; particularly those of Jena, Leipsic, Gottingen, &c. The most distinguished of its
learned societies are at Vienna, Berlin, Gottingen, Man helm, &c.
Before the peace of Luneville in 1801, the population of Germany was rated at 27 millions; by the cession of the country situated on the left shore of the Rhine, it lost 3,700,000 inhabitants; but as most of that territory is re stored, its present population may be reckoned at nearly 27 millions.
" The German people, from the earliest times, have borne a high character for bravery, and the masculine qualities of the mind. They are in general frank and open, but inclined to be boastful and boisterous. They are inde fatigable in their pursuits, and engage in them with a se riousness and sense of importance, which not unfrequently lead them to laborious trifling." Tacitus, de Ilforibus Gernzanorum.
Nouvel Abregi Chronologique de l' Histoire et deo Droit public d'?llentagne, liar M. Pfeffel.
Dr Robertson's view of the progress of Society in Eu rope, prefixed to his History of Charles V.
De la Ligue Hanseatique, par NI. Mallet, 1805.
Tableau des Revolutions de !'Europe dans le me yen age, par M. Koch, 1790.
Dornford's translation of Putter's Historical developenzent of the constitution of the Germanic Empire, 1790.
Histoire des ?Illemands, traduite de l'Alemand de S:nidt, par Le Veaux, 1784.
Butler's Revolutions of the Germanic Empire.
Reisbeck's Travels in Germany.
Reise in Deutshland, von Nieolai. (w. s.) GERMINATION. See BOTANY.