Hanover has 10 garrison towns, viz. Hanover, Mun den, Zell, Luneburg, Nienburg, Stade, Harburg, Ratze burg, and Osnaburg. The works of Hameln and llar burg are the most considerable. The fortifications of Stade were demolished in 1781, hut those erected on the Klutberg, above the Weser, in 1760, and called Fort George, have become very strong from the addition of new works, The military commandants of these garrison towns enjoy no rank in the airily. The following is the military force:— The Lutheran clergy are supported by a portion of the property which once belonged to the Catholic church but the greatest part of it is appropriated for the university of Gottingen, the lyceum of Hefeld, and other public in stitutions. The ministers of the other sects receive a small stun from government, and derive the rest of their income from their parishioners. The Calvinists are f w in number, and there are only a very few Roman Catholics in the kingdom.
A regular system of instruction was adopted in Hano ver after the year 1750, in consequence of the liberality of M. 13otticher, who endowed a seminary for schoolmasters in the city of Hanover. The clectorial regency did all in its power to promote the objects of this institution; and, in order to combine practical with moral and literary knowledge, the children of both sexes were taught to sew, spill, knit, &c. In the middle or secondary schools are taught geography, history, drawing, the French and En glish languages, together with the elements of geometry. In the academies, or schools of the third order, are taught antiquities, and the Latin, Greek, and other languages. Academies of this kind are established at Zell, Clausthal, Einbeck, Hameln, Hanover, Harburg, Ultzen, Hefeld, Gottingen, Bremen, Luneburg, :Minden, Nordheim, Oste rode, Stade, and Verden. Besides these academies, there are establishments at Hanover and Luneburg for the edu cation of the young nobility of both sexes, from the peri od of eight to fifteen years of age. The Georgianum, an establishment of this kind, was founded in May 1796 for the education of 40 pupils, who must be the sons of Ha noverian nobles. Every pupil pays at his entrance about 95 thalers, or nearly 16/. sterling ; and 15 of those whose parents can afford it pay the additional sum of 120 thalers. They are all boarded, clothed, and taught, at the expence of the establishment. Their dress is a blue uniform, faced with scarlet. They are admitted at the age of 10, and as soon as they have received a suitable education, they may either enter into•the military service, or pursue their studies at the University of Gottingen, in order to fit them selves for any other profession. Those who enter into any
regiment receive 260 thalers for their equipment out of the funds of the institution ; and the most distinguished of the pupils, who are sent to Gottingen, enjoy an annual income of 300 thalers during their three years residence at the uni versity. Belonging to the institution is an excellent libra ry, a collection of natural and artificial curiosities, and a good philosophical apparatus. Primary schools are es tablished in every village ; while schools for the classics 'nd the elements of the sciences are founded in all the princi Pa. towns. The university of Gottingen is provided with See GOTTINGEN.
is very far from being a commercial country. At the fon- fairs which are held annually at Hanover, and the two at are exposed to sale the commodities which have purchased at the fairs of Brunswick, Leipsic, and They consist chiefly of earthen ware, agriculture ane.handicraft implements, pins, needles, coarse linen drapery, fAskets, coarse stuffs, lace, thread, ribbons, and toys. of English merchandise are brought from Hamburgh, Enilen, Bremen, our Brunswick ; and the linens of Friesland and %f Prussia, and the cloths, silks, and jewels of France, are also met with in Hanover.
A great deal of plain and table is manufactured in Hanover. At Osnaburg the most common employment is spinning flax, which is afterwards wrought up into damask, greatly inferior to that of Prussia and Friesland. The greater part of it is sold at home ; hut in times of peace, the surplus is exported, through the Hanse towns, to North America and the Spanish colonies. Very little hemp is The soldiers are all Hanoverians. The gene rally composed of the sons of farmers, and the sists of pensioners who have served 25 years in the They have the same organization, equipment, and as the regular troops. The operations of the commano er in chief are subordinate to the regency. Every soldier has a right to demand his discharge after 20 years service, and he is entitled to a pension according to his rank. The number of invalids amounts to 7000. No British subjects are employed in the Hanoverian army. The cannon foundry is at Hanover. It is situated on the glacis of the city, on the side next the road leading to Zell. The only manu factory of small arms is one at Hertzberg, which enjoys much reputation -in Germany. The best gunpowder is made at Hersen near Hameln. The manufacture of can nonand of powder are both carried on by private individuals.