8. Canterbury having set the example, others followed, as they required repairs. Lincoln in 1195 ; the choir of Worcester in 1202 to 1218 ; also the galleries and in side work of Litchfield, and the east end of Winchester, by Godfrey de Lucy, in 1202, were built in the same style, with lancet-shaped arches.
9. Five of these lancet arches placed under one arch, left a space which required to be ornamented with tre foil, quatrefoil, &c. as in the south cross aisle of York, built by Archbishop Walter de Grey in 1227 ; while the same style was going on at Salisbury, where, on the facade, there is a trefoil at the top of the pediment over pointed arches, and also Purbeck marble columns, with cusped capitals. In the upper story of Salisbury there are three lancet windows placed together, the middle one being raised higher than the others.
10. At this time, the cornice or moulding, which had formerly been attached to the moulding of the arch of the window, was now, by following the including arch, raised much highe r than the window arches ; it was terminated with a trefoil, but as yet had no crockets.
I 1. The north transept or Westminster, begun in 1245, (with the exception of the catherine wheel), remains nearly in the same style. Here the windows of the side aisles and upper story arc larger and well proportioned, with cinquelbils in their heads; some have a triple cinque foil under a pointed arch. The arches and windows be ing placed in rows above each other, lcd to the idea of the great window with mullions. In the inside of the tran sept arc statues of tolerable NVO1 lanausliip ; and on the outside are niches, wit!, pedestals and plain canopies.
1. During the reign of Edward I. (begun 1272) point ed architecture ch,neu its character: The arches, which had been too sharp, became better shaped. They had always one or two cusps on each side of the head, form ing trefoils, &c. They had also newly invented mould ings ; and the pediments over arches were ornamented with foliage, called Crockets.
2. The pinnacles, which had hitherto been quite plain, were now placed at the side of each arch, on the top of every buttress, and were decorated with crockets, and had a flower on the top, called a Finial. A pinnacle of a larger sort was placed on the great tower, and became a spire, as at Salisbury.
3. The flying buttress, for supporting the upper walls of the nave, which before had been concealed in the roof of the side aisles, was now exposed, and rendered ornamental. The plain niches of the 13th century were early in the 14th decorated with rich tabernacles, filled with statuary.
4. The windows were formed with mullions and tran soms, into four, five, six, or sometimes nine bays, and had their heads decorated by tracery and flowers. What favoured the introduction of large west windows, was the abolition of canonical penances, and, of course, peni tentiary-porches, in consequence of the frequent cru sades.
5. Ribs, in groincd ceilings, were no longer simple in tersections, but branched into fine tracery, and were tied where they met by a knot, boss, or orb, usually decora ted with some device ; as in the work at York•minster, early in the 14th century.
6. Pediments, or canopies, which bad, during the two first Edwards, risen straight up like an equilateral tri angle, began, towards the end of the third Edward, to form a sweeping curve, as may be seen in Winchester College Tower.
These changes are very evident in Geddington and Waltham Crosses, erected by Edward I. ; also in the tomb of Edmund Crouchback, brother of Edward 1. in Westminster Abbey : He died in 1296. But the most perfect example is the nave of York-minster, built from 1290 to 1330, and the choir built thirty years after; and St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, built by Edward III. in 1348; but few vestiges of it remain. Before 1321, the Lady Chapel was added to Litchfield, the whole was groined, and the beautiful western façade construct ed ; as was also about this time the nave of Westminster. In 1381, the nave of Canterbury was rebuilt under Court ney and Arundel; and the nave of Winchester was chang ed by William of Wykeham.
By looking into the roofs of the side aisles of Win chester, or at the west front of Gloucester, St Alban's, and Rumney churches, it may be seen in what manner the circular architecture of the llth was changed into the pointed of the 14th; and this taste was extended even to parish churches, especially to the windows.