P. In Ionia, the temple of Apollo Panionius was built after the Doric manner ; but that refined people, not sa tisfied with the simplicity of this order, invented another of a more delicate character, and named it after their own country, the Ionic. (See Plates CLVII. and CLIX.) They made the height of the column greater in propor tion to its diameter than in the Doric ; the capital was totally different in principle, the entablature was also changed in its members and proportions, and a base was added to the bottom of the column. Of the origin of this capital, we have no satisfactory account : Vitruvius, and later writers (who have all retailed precisely his rela tions,) reckon, that as the Doric was strong and mascu line, the Ionians modelled their order with female deli cacy, and that the volutes were taken from the curls of hair on each side of the face. It is difficult to conceive how the proportions of a Greek order of architecture could be taken from the human figure, to which it has no relation or resemblance ; masculine and feminine have rather the air of figurative expressions, adopted by this lively people, in comparing these orders after they had been established. It has been, by others, with some degree of probability, alleged, that the shape arose from the custom of nailing rams horns upon the top of the posts. But the most simple and natural hint for the Ionic volute, which may be conceived as having fallen under the immediate notice of artists and workmen, seems to be the curling of the bark of a tree crushed down by a weight laid upon a rude upright post. The edifices constructed after this order were numerous and most magnificent. It was employed in the temple of Bacchus at Teos ; Apollo at Miletus ; Minerva at Priene and 'I'egen ; and of Diana at Magnesia and Ephesus. It was likewise used in the temple of Minerva Polias in the Acropolis, in those of the Delphic Apollo and £scula pius at Athens, and in a temple of Juno in Attica.
That of Diana of Ephesus, the design of Ctesiphon the Cnosian, and his son Mctagenes, (who wrote a trea tise upon it,) is said to have been 425 feet in length, 220 in breadth, and 70 in height ; it had a double portico all around the cell, erected by the contribution of all Asia. Xerxes, who destroyed all the other temples in his route, spared this magnificent fabric. It was burnt by Hero stratus during the night in which Alexander was born. It was rebuilt after a design of Dinocrates ; Canachus the Sicyonian, a scholar Of Polycletus the Argive, made the statue 12• year.; after Xerxes destroyed the first, and 365 before the Christian xra. See Vitruv. Ionian Antiq. vol. i. c. 3.
The temple of Diana at Magnesia was constructed under the direction of Herinogenes. He made the gene ral dimensions the same as for the dipteros or double range of columns ; but, in order to afford more space in the porticos, he omitted the inner range : By that means a clear space was left between the outer range and the wall of the cell, and he thereby established the Pseu dodipteros. He wrote a treatise upon this temple and
that of Teos, (Ionian Antiq. vol i. c. 11.) Vitruvius speaks with great veneration of the talents of this archi tect.
The temple of Minerva Ulea at Tegea, designed and erected under the direction of Scopas, was of singular construction : The peristyle which surrounded the tem ple was of the Ionic order, the cell was divided into three aisles by two rows of Doric columns, and over these were placed others of the Corinthian order. The sculpture upon the two pediments was by the hand of Scopas himself. Upon the one was represented the hunting of the wild boar of Caledon, where, among a great number of figures, were those of Hercules, Theseus, Pirothous, and Castor ; upon the other, the subject was the combat of Achilles and Telephus. .4nacharsis, vol. iii. p. 71.
Of the Corinthian Order.
The artists of Grecia Proper, perceiving that, in the Ionic order, the severity of the Doric had been departed from, by one happy effort invented a third, which still much surpassed the Ionic in delicacy of proportion and richness of decorations: this was named the Corinthian order. (See Plate CLX.) The merit of this invention is ascribed to Callimachus, an Athenian sculptor, who is said to have had the idea suggested to him, by observing Acanthus leaves growing around a basket which had been placed, with some favourite trinkets, upon the grave of a young Corinthian lady ; the stalks which rose among the leaves having been formed into slender volutes by a square tyle which covered the basket. It is possi ble that a circumstance of this nature may have caught the fancy of a sculptor who was contemporary with Phi dias, (Stuart's sintiq..4theng, Pref.) and who was doubt less, in that age of competition, alive to every thing which promised distinction in his profession. But, in the warmth of our devotion for the inspiration of Greek genius, we must not overlook the facts, that, in the pillars of seve ral of the temples in Upper Egypt, whose shafts repre sent bundles of reeds or lotus bound together in several places by fillets, the capitals are formed by several rows of delicate leaves. (See Denon.) In the splendid ruins of Vellore in Hindostan, the capitals are also composed of similar ornaments ; and it is likewise well known, that the Persians, at their great festivals, were in the habit of decorating with flowers the tops of the pillars which formed their public apartments : it is therefore not im probable that these circumstances, after so much inter course with those countries, might have suggested ideas to Callimachus, which enabled him to surpass the capi tal of Ionia. The whole fabric of the Corinthian order is composed with a great delicacy of taste. It is admira bly fitted for the most highly ornamented states of archi tecture, and is strongly expressive of the refinement and excellence to which the Greeks had carried their taste and skill in architecture and sculpture.