"l'here are perhaps no organs in the human body' that exhibit a :greater variety of morbid appearances than the stomach and b•.vels. We can only notice those which are most commonly observed. Tilese organs are often found inflamed, ulcerated, or gangrenous. Where the inflammation has hot been of long continuance, their coats appear distended with blood, and t ither of a florid red, or a deep purple colour. with numerous adhesions to the neighbouring parts. Where gangrene has com menced, they exhibit arions shades of blue, green, or black, and exhale an offensive odour. Ulcers are gene rally seen in the mucous membrane. Various parts of the alimentary canal have been Lou id in a scirrhous state, but this is most common about the pyloric orifice of the stomach, and the rectum. In these cases, the caN ity of the canal i4 more or less contracted. Various tumours of different textures, as fatty, cartilaginous, are sometimes observed in the alimentary canal; and not tinfrequently extraneous bodies are observed, so invelo ped in a production from the mucous membrane, as to appeal: like an excrescence from the internal cavity. The stomach has been lbund ruptured ; and both in this and the intestines, links arc sometimes found, arising, in the former, some times from the corrosite action of the gastric juice after death, and sometimes in both, Iron' the gnawing of W011113. In sonic eases, especially where the patient has died from inanition, the stomach and large intestines have been found unusually contracted ; and the writer of this article has seen the arch of the Colon so much dirnilliSh«1, that it did not equal the ordinary diameter of the small intestines. At other times, the co/on is found distended so as to resemble the stomach. The mucous membrane of the intestines is often greatly thick, ; and in one case tee have seen it so united, as nearly to obliterate the cavity, though there was no scirrhous hardness. An ap pearance by no means uncommon in the bowels, is that called int ns susceptio, where one portion of the intestines has got within another portion, carrying IN ith it a part of the • mesentery, and almost s accompanied with inflammation. In a few casem, the rectum is imperiOra ted, or has no external opening, and now and then it opens into the bladder. Tne rectum is often seen per forated, so as to communicate with the cellular sub stance near tile bladder, forming what is called afis/ Lastly, portions of the intestines, or even of the stomach, escape through certain openings, as at the navel, into the scrotum, or below the muscles of the thigh, form ing a hernia or rupture ; and when the bowel is so en tangled that it cannot he pushed back, it is said to be incarcerated.
On the anatomy of the stomach and intestines, sec Winslow's Tmit e d' .1 n ut om ie, or Douglas's translation ; 13ichat's.dnatonde De•cripirc, tom. lit. Cuvier's cons ir CoIuipe•rr, torn. iii. Bell's „loato/ny, vol. iv. and P hilos. "transact. 1807, Part. I ; and for engravings of these organs, see halter's /cones ./natomic,c ; the Tu ()nix .4na I °mica. of Loder and Gerard Sandifort, Bell's Sastem of Dissections, and the figures in the 4th col. of his .lnatomy. The morbid appearances arc illustrated by the engravings that accompany Dr Baillie's Morbid :hat omy.
The figures in this Plate afford views of the teeth, as the principal organs of mastication ; of the more obvious -viscera of the chest and belly ; she wing the natural situation of the principal organs of digestion, circ respirution, and secretion ; and of the course of the lac teals, and situation of the mesenteric glands.
Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, represent several of the adult teeth in their entire state. a, The body of the tooth ; b, the neck ; c c, the fangs or roots. Fig. I, is a bicuspidated tooth of the lower with only one fang ; fig. 2. a
similar tooth of the upper jaw, with two fangs ; fig. 3, •, and 5, represent different grinders, those at fig. 3, and 4, having two fangs with their points pervious, shelving the entrance of the vessels and nerves.
Fig. 6 and 7, represent the internal structure of the teeth, by a perpendicular section. a, The internal cavity open to the tip of the roots ; 6, the bony part of the tooth ; c, the fibres of the cortex st riat as, or ena mel.
Fig. 8, represents portions of the upper and lower jaws of a child about seven or eight years old, the ante rior plate of each jaw being removed, to show the posi tion of the temporary and permanent teeth, and the progress of ossification in the latter. The teeth marked a, 6, and c. are lc hiporary tc ,th ; a, nor of the lateral cistbrii Of the upper jaw ; b, 6, 6, the cuspidated teeth in both jaws ; c, , e, the temporal is grinders ; those marked, d, e, I, g, Ii, i, mom the permanent teeth in dil ferent stages of ossification ; (1, cf, d, d, the lout' incisors of the low, r jaw, and ttio vif this, iu the which hav• just thilill:cli the 1;1111, 5, of the lateral incisors of the upper jaw, not let ut the cuspidated teeth on si ; K, the bicuspides in the same itoperh c t state : h, the first grind, rs on the right side, arty at their proper height above the of moothe middle grindt i of the right side in the low, r jaw imperf«•t.
3, exhibits a front view of the contents of Iii chest and belly, after cutting away part of the ribs and tie colon, and turning lid, Is the integuments and mus cles. A, the greater part of the right lobe mf the pings, the rest being remota d, to show the parts behind ; 11. the left lobe of the lungs ; C, 1). the heart ; the atlamal or superior rend ea ; , the SIlheittl. i of G, the internal jugular vein; ; II, veil of the trunk of the aorta, rising hesie the superior era c07'0 ; K. K, the cut edge of the dampintagm, w ith the heart and lun:_ma.; resting on it ; 1., L, the eolveN stellate of the right and left lob, s of the liver, w ith a 1% idle hrtl'i Celt showing the rudiments of broad ; M, part of the round ligament ol tln• ; the round c xtrumitv of the ; 0, the stomach, pressed more than usual to the lilt side by the weight of the liter ; P, the spleen ; Q, Q, the parts of the he Ili where the kidneys are situated behind the bowels ; 0, the convolutions of the small intestines, as they ap pea• when the arch of the colon and the omentum arc removed.
Fig. 10, represents several of the viscera of the belly that could not be seen in the former view. In this figure the stomach and small intestines are re muted, and the liver is turned upwards, to spew its con cave surface. A, A, the concave surface of the liver turned towards the right side ; B, the small lobe of the liver called tof( las between which and the part marked C, lies what is called the porta of the liver, where the large vessels enter ; I), the mound ligament ; E, the body of the gall-bladder attached to the concave suriace of the liver; I', its neck ; G, the pancreas ; 1 I, the spleen ; I, 1, the kidneys, lying close to the posterior membrane of the belly ; K, K, the renal veins; L, L, the ureters ; Al, the descending trunk of the aorta, giving off at N, the arteries, at 0, the infe rior mesenteric artery, and at P, iding into the two large trunks called the common iliac arteries ; Q, the sacral or inferior c (Iva , receiving. at R, the sperma tic vein of the right side ; S, 5, the spermatic arteries and veins closely united to form the spermatic cord ; T, the common iliac veins uniting in the trunk of the inferior 1(11/1 card ; U, the of the colon, imper ceptibly ending in V, the rectum ; Y., the urinary bladder distended.