Industries. The wine business constitutes the largest industry in Algeria, the yield in 1913 being 163,476,236 gallons. The production of olive oil is also important as well as the culti vation of oranges, dates and other fruits, silk, tobacco, flax and cotton. Alfa and the dwarf palm are largely worked in the plains. The number of the population engaged in agricul ture in 1909 was 322,520, of whom 213,756 were Europeans. The chief crops are wheat, barley and oats. The northern portion of Algeria is better adapted to grazing and forestry. There are extensive fisheries, $1,028,050 worth of fish having been caught in 1912. In 1913, 96 mines were being worked, there were 2,793 miles of railway and 8,977 miles of telegraph line. In 1914, 3,741 vessels entered and 4,595 vessels cleared at Algerian ports. National roads have a length of 1,826 miles.
Population. The two principal races in habiting Algeria are Arabs and Berbers. The former are mostly nomads, dwelling in tents and wandering from place to place, though a large number of them are settled in the Tell, where they carry on agriculture and have formed numerous villages. The Berbers, of whom the Kabyles are a part, are the original inhabitants of the territory and still form a con siderable part of the population. They speak the Berber language, but use the Arabic char acters in writing. The inhabitants of the towns are largely so-called Moors, and the Jews form a small but influential part of the population. Various other races also exist. Except the Jews all the native races are Mohammedans. There are now a considerable number of French and other colonists, provision being made for granting them concessions of land on certain conditions. In 1906 there were 449,420 colonists of French origin in Algeria, Spaniards, 33,153 Italians, 17,849 other foreign ers and 64,645 naturalized Jews. The total pop ulation in 1911, including military forces, was 5,563,828, of whom 795,522 were Europeans and 4,768,306 natives. In 1914 the number of troops was estimated at 63,827.
Government. Algeria is governed by a governor-general, who is assisted by a consul tative council and the superior council, com posed of elected. members and high officials. There are also three financial delegations who vote upon the budget. The three departments of Algiers, Constantine and Oran each send two deputies and one senator to the French Chambers, which alone have the right of legis lating for Algeria. Since 1901 the budget has been distinct from that of France, but the ex penses of the departments of War and Marine and guarantees of interest on railways are still borne by the mother country. In 1914 the budget estimate for northern Algeria was: Rev enue, 171,364,550 francs ($34,272,910); expendi ture, 171,325,658 francs ($34,265,131) ; for southern territories: Revenue, 5,060,522 francs 00($1,012884).,104) ; expenditure, 5,029,423 francs ($1, , Justice. Justice is administered by 16 courts of first instance, justices of the peace, commercial courts and a court of appeals. There are special tribunals for the natives.
History. Down to the time of the Turkish dominion Algeria was historically inseparable from Tunisia and Morocco. Under the Romans it was included in the provinces of Numidia and East Mauritania and enjoyed great pros perity until the Vandal conquest in 440 A.D. Oriental civilization was introduced
upon the conquest by the Arabs in the 7th and 8th centuries. After the expul sion of the Moors from Spain they es tablished themselves in Algeria, and dur ing the struggle which ensued between the aid of the Turkish corsair Horuk, known as Barbarossa, who declared himself Sultan of Algiers. His brother Khair-ed-Din, also known as Barbarossa, placed the country un der the suzernaity of the Turkish Sultan, which was, however, later shaken off. A piratical state was established (see BARBARY AND BA, GARY POWERS), and the Barbary corsairs, or Algerian pirates, as they were called, became the terror of the Christian nations, who 14 times besieged Algiers in vain, and some of whom were finally reduced to paying tribute to protect their commerce. A check to the depre dations of the pirates was administered by a United States squadron under Decatur in 1815, but they did not finally cease until the conquest of Algeria by the French, begun in 1830, to avenge an insult to the French consul. Algiers was captured by Marshal Bourmont 5 July 1830 and after several years of warfare the bases were laid down of the political and ad ministrative organization of the French posses sions, consisting of six coast towns. The city of Constantine was captured in 1837, but resist ance to the French had already been organized by the Emir Abd-el-Kader, and was waged with varying success until December 1847, when the Emir surrendered to General Lamoriciere it Sidi-Brahim. The French conquest was then assured, although Great Kabylia was not sub dued until 10 years later, when the French pos sessions were extended to the Sahara desert Frequent insurrections had to be quelled later, the most serious being in 1870-71. French oc cupation of the Algerian Sahara started in 1890, and was accomplished in 1901 by the oc cupation of the Tuat and Tidikelt oases. Under the third republic Algeria has developed rap idly, politically and industrially. The civil ter ritory has been greatly increased at the expense of the military; railroads and excellent roads have been built, schools have multiplied. In 1913 there were 22 schools for secondary in struction, with 6,686 pupils; 1,268 primary and infant schools, including 226 Mussnlman schools, with 145,933 pupils; 4 normal schools for men teachers, with 110 students; 6 normal schools for women teachers, with 218 students; higher Mussulman schools are established at Algiers, Tlemcen and Constantine, and an in stitution for higher instruction at Algiers. In 1912 Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco were agar united under French dominion.
Bibliography. Bibliography compiled by Playfair (London ; ib., Scourge of Christendom' (London 1884) ; Leroy-Beaulieu, (L'Algirie at la Tunisie) (2d ed., Paris 1897); Wilkin, (Among the Berbers of Algeria' (Lon don 1900) ; Bernard, (La Penetration Sahari enne) (Algiers 1906) ; Laurie, (French Con quest of Algeria' (London 1909); Devereux, Aspects of Algeria: Historical, Political, Colo niaP (London 1912); Stanford, (About Al geria' (New York 1913) ; Stott, (The Real Al geria' (London 1914). Guide Books. (Cook's Practical Guide to Algiers, Algeria and Tu nisia' (Lyndon 1904) (Guide Joanne: Algeria et TunisiP (Paris 1909).