It is the heroes of the army who for obvious reasons furnish the subject for eques trian groups, but the navy, too, has been pro ductive of characters and episodes suitable for the themes of the sculptor. In its very in fancy the American Navy produced a John Paul Jones, and one of the most significant and striking episodes of recent years was the finding of his body and the movement resulting in its being brought from France and placed within a splendid memorial erected for the purpose at the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., and containing reliefs by Miss Evelyn B. Longman signalizing his achievements. The movement was stimulated by romances and plays appearing just before this in which he figured as hero. There is further commemora tion of his gallantry in the reliefs by Niehaus for the monument at the entrance to Potomac Park, Washington.
That it is not always possible or desirable to classify a work of art having historical asso ciations with one period alone of the nation's history is illustrated in the case of some of these well-known figures of the Revolutionary andpioneer periods and that of 1812. Gen. Winfield Scott, for instance, whose picturesque personality is perpetuated by so many sculptural works, was perhaps most conspicuous as a mil itary chieftain during the Mexican War, but he began his career with very gallant exploits in the War of 1812 which have been commemo rated in art and survived to participate in the defense of the nation at the outbreak of the Civil War. He is seen on horseback, in a statue by F. E. Elwell, on the battlefield of Gettysburg.
Nor have the heroes of the Confederacy been forgotten, or the women who made sac rifices for the °Lost Cause)) Recently there was dedicated at Raleigh, N. C., a group by Augustus Lukeman in honor of the ((Women of the Confederacy,x' while Gen. John B. Gor don is commemorated in an equestrian statue at Atlanta by Solon H. Borglum. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, is por trayed by Edward Valentine in an emotional role, pleading for his cause, one hand out stretched in gesture and the other resting upon the open book of history. The figure is half encircled by a colonnade and may be seen at Richmond, Va. Here, too, is a fine bronze equestrial figure of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, the Confederate cavalry leader, the work of Fred erick Moynihan. The gallant military leader of the Confederacy, Gen. Robert E. Lee, be came president, after laying down his arms, of Washington and Lee University at Lexington, Va., and here he is memorialized in a meri torious recumbent statue by Valentine, while there is also on the field of Gettysburg a memorial of him, and at Richmond, Va., in the Capitol Square there stands an equestrian figure surmounting a massive pedestal, the sculptor being Mercie. Lee's remains rest in a vault under the statue of him at Washington and Lee University.
Wendell Phillips, the great Abolitionist leader, is the subject of a recent work by French, forming a fine example of the art of this distinguished American sculptor, while one of the best known and justly famous of J. Q. A. Ward's achievements was his statue of the eloquent Abolitionist preacher, Henry Ward Beecher, in front of Brooklyn's Borough Hall. In another statue of Beecher in Brooklyn, placed not long since in the arcade between Plymouth Church and the Arbuckle Memorial Building, and the work of Gutzon Borglum, his character is further interpreted in an inter esting way. It emphasizes his services as
prophet-reformer and the slave girls at his side recall the scenes when he sold slaves in Plym outh Church at auction to obtain their freedom and aroused national protest against slavery. The work represents him at the height of a splendid maturity, possessing both the vigor of youth and the dignity of middle age.
Nor should the sculpture signalizing the services of the man who fought so forcefully with his pen for the cause of the Union, Horace Greeley, be forgotten. A seated figure in bronze was long in front of the office of his newspaper, the New York Tribune, and was recently removed a short distance away, while at Chappaqua, N. Y., where he had a farm, a fine standing figure by Partridge was not long since dedicated through the efforts of the Greeley Memorial Association.
The Spanish War gave us the Dewey Arch on Fifth Avenue, New York, with its emblem atic sculpture by many of the leading men in that branch of art in the United States, and though it was but a temporary achievement, it pointed the way to others more permanent. Later French and Andrew O'Connor collabo rated in the strong figure at Indianapolis of General Lawton, who fell in the Philippines.
After the assassination and death of Presi dent McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901 the nation was moved as by one im pulse to do honor to his memory through some of the forms of art. There resulted the noble McKinley Monument at Buffalo, with its lions by A. Phimister Proctor at the four corners, the imposing mausoleum at Canton, Ohio, with its statue and accessory sculpture by Niehaus, the Columbus, Ohio, Memorial by H. A. Mac Neil, that in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, by C. A. Lopez and Isidore Konti, and many others, while at Niles i Ohio, the birthplace of McKinley, there has just erected (1917) a most unique patriotic shrine and museum, wherein McKinley relics may find a safe and available place of custody in an archi tectural and sculptural setting noble in concep tion and appropriate in details of execution. The architects of the memorial are McKim, Mead and White and the sculptor J. Massey New York. The building itself is of Georgia marble and in the centre is a court of honor supported by 28 monolothic columns. In front of this court is a statute of the dm: President, and the colonnade contains busts members of his cabinet and others associate: with his administration, while in the rehl rooms, library and auditorium are works of ar forming tributes to the heroism of those whi participated in the Civil and Spanish-America: wars. It is described as "not simply a monu ment, not simply a memorial building, but bod and more.* Memorial buildings bearing the name c: Lincoln are now in progress of creation or have recently been dedicated, and the sculpture in which his features are preserved is plentii:._ throughout the land, the works by Saint Gan dens, Gutzon Borglum, Niehaus and MacNtt1 being of special merit; and that by George GreT Barnard, having been a subject recently c: much controversy, both highly praised mi severely criticized.