(1) Form. Form is the manner of exert ing force, the smoothness or abruptness with which a sound or word is begun and ended. It reveals the sentiment or emotion implied and belongs to the emotive division. It has three divisions which also correspond to the triune nature of man.
a. Effusive. The effusive is that form of voice in which the sound flows forth smoothly and evenly without abruptness of force either in the beginning or the ending of the tone. It represents the emotive nature and is used to express such gentle and solemn emotions as pathos, tranquillity, reverence, awe or sup pressed fear.
b. Expulsive. The expulsive is that form in which the force is applied abruptly causing the sound to rush forth from the vocal organs. It is the ordinary form and represents the mental nature in the expression of narration, didactic thought, gladness, patriotism, etc.
c. Explosive.The explosive is that form in which the force is exerted very abruptly, causing the sound to burst forth from the vocal organs. It belongs to the vital nature and is used to express those emotions in which great physical vitality is aroused such as in the ex citment of ecstatic joy, great earnestness, de fiance, alarm, anger, etc.
(2) Degree. Degree of force is the meas ure or power with which sounds are uttered. Its subdivisions are subdued, moderate and energetic, all of which correspond to the vital nature and mark the degree of energy used This scale of degrees is relative and dependant upon individuality and the acoustic properties of the auditory which, in turn, depend upon the size and shape of the room and whether or not it is filled with an audience.
(3) Stress. Stress is the application of force to the different parts of a sound or syllable. Any change of the location of the strongest impulse of force from one part of a word to another invariably changes the mean ing of the utterance; hence stress responds to the mental division of man's triune nature. There are six varieties of stress.
a. Radical. In the radical stress the force is applied strongest in the first part of the sound. It is the ordinary stress representing the mental nature and is expressive of didactic thought, narration, gaiety, patriotism, courage, etc.
b. Compound. In the compound stress the main force is put upon the first and the last parts of the sound. It represents the mental
and emotive natures and expresses any irony of purpose or insinuation of statement such as mockery, satire, sarcasm, taunt, derision, etc.
c. Median. Median stress represents the placing of the force chiefly upon the middle part of the sound. It belongs to the emotive division and is used to express pathos, sorrow, wailing, reverence, awe, etc.
d. Final. In the final stress the force is placed mainly upon the last part of the sound. It represents the emotive and vital natures and expresses self-assertion, determination, stub borness, courage, amazement, hate or revenge.
e. Thorough. The force continues in about the same intensity throughout the sound in the thorough stress which represents the vital nature and is appropriate in the expression of calling, command, triumph, shouting, apostro phe, lofty appeal, etc.
f. Intermittent. In the intermittent stress the force is placed upon periodic parts of the sound which represents a physical unsteadiness or trembling of the body; hence it belongs to the vital division. It is used to express laugh ter, crying, ecstatic joy, deep sorrow, tender ness, sympathy, extreme fright and defiant courage.
HI. Time is the duration of utter ance and relates to the length of vocal sounds, syllables and words, the rests which occur between them and the rate of speed with which they are given. It is one of the vital generic elements with three specific divisions which represent the three psychic natures.
(1) Pause. Pause is the time spent be tween the impulses of the voice in the utterance of sounds and syllables or between words or groups of words in speech. By correct pausing words are grouped into their ideas, hence this element belongs to the mental division of the triune nature. Rhetorical pauses should be used (a) Before relative pronouns always and conjunctive words, prepositional phrases and infinitive phrases generally; (b) between words of a series, words marking an ellipsis and clauses; (c) after nominative phrases, words or phrases used independently and words of strong emphasis or emotion; (d) before and after words or phrases transposed or used in apposition, direct quotations and parenthetical expressions.