Radical With the movements described in the last sentences there may be connected the position outlined by William James, to which he gave the name of radical empiricism? James distinguishes his own em piricism from that of Hume and the English school by insisting that in addition to the sub stantive states of consciousness to which the latter had called attention, there are also cer tain °conjunctive relations° given directly through experience, and so to be accepted as equally real in a true empirical theory. Radical empiricism thus professes to give a more accu rate description of experience than that of the earlier school; it recognizes the fact that experi ence presents itself as whole and continuous and not as a series of discrete substantive states or atoms. James' object is to maintain the wholeness and continuity of experience, and .ae the same time to avoid any appeal to rational elements which cannot be themselves experi enced as facts. °Radical empiricism," just by being thoroughgoing in its empiricism, believes itself able to describe the thing just as it is experienced, without imposing upon it any con ceptual form through logical interpretation.
Empiricism in The Empiric school of medicine arose in Alexandria in the 3d century a.c., in opposition to Dogmatism. The latter supported itself by appeal to the theories of Plato and earlier philosophers, while the empirics took Aristotle as their leader. They avoided the one-sided theorizing tenden cies of the dogmatists regarding the ultimate causes of disease, and emphasized the practical ends of medicine as an art of therapeutics. Though the influence of this school was in many respects beneficial in leading to the study of cases and to careful methods of observation, it tended in the end to resolve itself into char latanism, and to occupy itself exclusively with a search for specifics. Consult Locke, J., (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' (1690) ; Mill, J., Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind> (1829) ; Hodgson, S. H., (Metaphysics of Experience) (1898) ; Green, T.
H., to Hume> (1874) ; James, W., in Radical Empiricism> (1912) ; Moon, R. 0., (The Relation of Medicine to Philosophy' (1909). JAMES E. CREIGHTON, Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Cornell University.