During the 14th and 15th centuries secular architecture was developed in new lines in the great universities and schools, and in vast manorial residences and palaces; to this phase the name of Tudor architecture is often given. Under Henry VIII (1507-47) artists from Italy, Germany, Holland and Flanders were im ported, by whose works the decorative details of Renaissance art were made known to the English; but the Renaissance taste made slow progress in architecture, even in the manor houses of the wealthy, which continued to dis play the square mullioned windows, battle mented parapets and irregular plans of the Tudor Gothic period. Under Elizabeth (1558 1603) and James I (1603-25) the use of Renaissance forms steadily increased — round arches, the classic "orders," openwork balus trades and a peculiar fashion of flat relief ornament, called astrapwork) and derived from Germany, became more and more frequent ('Elizabethan' and '
was marked by attempts, partially successful, to revive the Greek and Gothic styles in modern work; but, except in church architecture, the tendency of English design has since 1880 been toward Renaissance forms very freely adopted. The most notable example of the Gothic Re vival is the Houses of Parliament by Barry (1835-50). The best work of the present-day architects of England is in domestic archi tecture, in which, on the whole, they are un equaled or at least unsurpassed. In the design of rural buildings, of small cottages, of garden suburbs and of country churches they especially excel.
Bibliography.—The literature of English architecture is enormous in volume. Only a few leading works can be mentioned. On me diaeval architecture the works of Sir T. G. Jackson, E. S. Prior and F. Bond, and the earlier works. now somewhat out of date, of Rickman, Pugin, Britton, Parker, etc.; also Moore, C., Church Architecture of England.' On the Renaissance deve!oputents: Blomfield, R, For the more re cent developments one must consult the archi tectural There is no single work devoted to the work of the last 50 years.