Hebrew During the Middle Ages a book of Enoch written in Hebrew was quoted by many Jewish writers. It may have been of this work that Pico della Mirandola and Reuchlin had a vague knowledge through ex cerpts or some longer manuscript. Drusius called attention to two quotations in the book of Zahar (13th century). A list of quotations in Menahem Recanati, Hekaloth, Maase Bereshith, Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer, and Rasiel has been given by Jellinek. This scholar pub lished in 1873 from a Munich codex the Hekaloth or Book of Enoch.' It was an in complete edition. but could be supplemented by the (Sefer Hekaloth of R. Ishmael,' pub lished at Lemberg, in 1864. An unedited manuscript is in the Bodleian Library at Ox ford. A critical edition and a translation are needed. Brief descriptions have been given by Buttenwieser and Charles. The book tells of the ascent of Rabbi Ishmael to heaven where he receives a series of revelations from the angel Metatron (Lat. metator = guide), with whom Enoch has been identified. Various parts of Ethiopic and Slavonic Enoch are used by the author, though there is no trace of the characteristic ideas of the Parables. An apoca lyptic fragment, preserved in the of R. Amram Gaon (9th century), and apparently written at the time of the Hadrianic persecu tion, seems to furnish a link connecting Slavonic Enoch with Hebrew Enoch, which is likely to be earlier than the 4th century, as it is quoted in Babylonian Talmud, Berakoth 7a. What the language of any earlier Enoch book may have been cannot be inferred from this work; for when Aramaic ceased to be the vernacular many books were translated into Hebrew, among them even the Aramaic parts of Daniel.
I. Translations, with com mentary, in Latin, by Silvestre de Sacy, in Magasin encyclopedique (Paris 1800, Chaps. i xvi. xxii, xxxi) ; GfrOrer, A. F., in 'Prophets: Veteres Pseudepigraphi) (Stuttgart 1840) ; and Stephan Szekely, in (Freiburg 1913, extensive excerpts) ; in English, by Richard Laurence (Oxford 1821; later edi tions 1833, 1838, 1883) ; Schodde, G. H. (An dover 1882) ; Charles, R. H. (Oxford 1893; 2d ed., 1912) ; in German, by Hoffmann, A. G. (Jena 1833-38) ; Clemens, Richard (Stuttgart 1850) ; Dillmann, A. (Leipzig 1853) ; Beer, G. (Tubingen 1900) ; Flemming, J., and Rader macher, L. (Leipzig 1901) ; in French, by Bru net, G., in Migne Wictionnaire des Apocryphes' (Paris 1856) ; Lods, A., of the Greek text (lb. 1892) ; and Martin, Francois (ib. 1906) ; in Russian, by Smirnov, A. (Kasan 1888) ; and in Hebrew, by Goldschmidt, L. (Berlin 1892).
Introductions by Zockler (1891) ; KOnig (1893) ; Comely (1894) ; Cornill (1896) ; Snack (1898) ; Bertholet (1906) ; Steuernagel (1912) ; Sellin (1914) ; Mirandola, Pico della, 'Opera Omnia' (Basel 1572) ; Reuchlin, J., (De arte cabalistica'
(Hagenau 1517; appended to Galatin, 'De arcanis catholic veritatis,) Ortona 1518, and to Mirandola, op. cit.) ; Poste], G., 'De originibus' (Basel 1553) ; Scaliger, 'Thesaurus temporum' (Geneva 1609) ; Drusius, J., 'De patriarcha Henoch' (Frankfort 1615) ; Gassendi, P., 'De vita Peirescii> (Paris 1641) ; Ludolf, J., 'His toria wthiopica' (Frankfort 1681) ; Fabricius, J. A., 'Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Testa mentP (Hamburg 1713) ; Calmet, A., 'Dis sertation sur le livre d'Henoch) (Paris 1720); Whiston, W., 'A Collection of Authentick Records) (London 1727) ; Bruce, J., 'Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile' (London 1790) ; Sacy, S. de, in Journal des Savans (Paris 1822) ; Murray, E., 'Enoch Restitutus' (London 1836); Bauer, Bruno. 'Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte' (Leipzig 1841) ; Krieger, E., (Beitrige zur Kritik> (Nurnberg 1845) ; Lucke, F., (Einleitung in die Offenbarung Johannes' (2d ed., Bonn 1852) ; Ewald, H., 'Abhandlung fiber des iithiopischen Bullies Henokh (Gottingen 1855) ; Hilgen feld, A., 'Die jiidische Apokalyptik) (Jena 1857) ; Sieffert, F., 'De apocryphi libri Henochi ori?ine et arg.umento) (Konigsberg 1867) ; Philippi, F., 'Das Buch Henoch' (Stuttgart 1868) ; Halevy, J., in Journal Asiatique (Paris 1867) ; Vernes, M., des idees mes sianiques> (Paris 1874) ; Tideman, A. in Theo logisch Tijdschrift (Leiden 1875) ; Drummond, J., The Jewish Messiah) (London 1877) ; Deane, W. J., 'The Pseudepigrapha) (London 1891) ; Bousset, W., 'Die Religion des Juden tums> (Berlin 1903); Appel, H., Kom position des ithiopischen Henochbuches' (Gfitersloh 1906); Burkitt, J. C., in Journal for Theological Studies (Cambridge 1907) ; Schmidt, N., 'The Original Language of the Parables of Enoch) (Chicago 1908) ; Gry, L., in Le Muslon (Louvain 1908-10) ; Lagrange, T., 'Le messianisme' (Paris 1909) ; Schfirer, E., des jildischen Volkes) (4th ed., Leipzig 1909) ; Charles, R. H., in 'Old Testa ment Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha) (Oxford 1913). II. Morfill, W. R., and Charles, R. H., 'The Book of the Secrets of Enoch' (Oxford 1896) ; Bonwetsch, N., 'Das slavische Henoch buch> (Berlin 1896) ; Schfirer, (Geschichte des jiidischen Volkes' (Leipzig 1909) ; Forbes, N., and Charles, R. H., in 'Old Testament Apocry pha and Pseudepigrapha) (Oxford 1913) ; Szekely, S., in Apocrypha' (Frei burg 1913) ; Schmidt, N., 'The Two Recensions of Slavonic (in Journal of American Oriental Society, New Haven 1918). III. Tel-. linek, A., 'Beth ha Midrasch' (Vienna 1853 78) ; Buttenwieser, M., 'Apocalyptic Literature' (in 'Jewish Encyclopedia,) New York 1901); Charles, R. H., 'The Book of Enoch' (Oxford 1912).