At that time the press could boast of its freedom and proclaim its titles on the Boulevards, a right lost during the period of Boulangism, to find later and to lose again. The fever for more and more information grew from year to year. Information was soon to be the very characteristic of the press. The journalists began to adopt the system of titles and subtitles, reforming the material as pect of the papers and employing the "head ing* of the American papers. On 29 July. 1:4:1 a law on the press, corrected by the law of 2 Aug. 1882, bridled the licentiousness of the drawings and—very justly— reminded a certain number of illustrated papers of the reverence due to morality.
The Radical dates from 1:.:1; the Nation from 1883; the Echo de Paris from 1884. Created by a Jew, Valentin Simon, it became in 1898 the organ of the Ligue de la Patrie Francaise. During the Great War, an Academi cian, the president of the Ligue des Patriotes, Maurice Barris, wrote daily in it and by his patriotic zeal deserved the surname of "lit tirateur du territoire.° The Matin (the second) dates from 1883. It was created to give exact news on foreign affairs. As early as 1886 Paul de Cassagnac fought in his Autorite against the republican institutions. In 1887 the Cocarde, followed by all monarchist and bonapartist papers, fought the cause of Gen eral Boulanger. The Eclair shone in 1888. From 1881 to 1890 the provincial press in creased considerably. In 1893 it comprised 5,726 papers. The department of the Gironde had 148 to itself, i.e., one paper per 5,242 in habitants. The department of the Finistire had but one paper per 39 323 inhabitants.
One of the greatest improvements is to be found in the illustrations. Another happy find was the special wire for the papers printed out side the capital. In 1892 there was still in Paris an Imperialist press. The Patrie gave up the game and became an afternoon information sheet, together with the Presse, the Intransi geant, the Liberte and later, during the war, with the Bonnet Rouge and the Heure. The Journal started its brilliant career in 1892. Its first number brought an article by a valiant woman-fighter, Mme. Severine. Epic strife took place with the Matin, followed by recon ciliations and new quarrels, provoking the mirth of Parisian readers. At the same moment as the Journal, and for a very special reason, the Libre Parole was created by the rabid antisemit Edouard Drumont. As passionate as the Libre Parole, but in a very different order of ideas, was the Aurore of E. Vaughan, which ap peared in 1897, to prove the innocence of Cap tain Dreyfus, accused of high treason. In that
paper Zola published his celebrated '"I'accuse.* Mme. Marguerite Durand, the apostle of the rights of women, started about the same time La Fronde, which had but a very short life, although it had a brilliant staff of women writers.
The universal exhibition of 1900 gave birth to numerous papers, mostly illustrated, and which died when the exhibition shut its doors. A collection of them remains as a valuable document of the history of this manifestation of the world's activity. Ever since, quantities of papers— we cannot give the list —have been born and have died. Each of them had its momentary success. Many fell, but many rose on their ruins. The most noteworthy among the latter are L'Homme Libre of Mr. Clemenceau, which he baptized L'Homme Enchaine the day the war censors proved too severe for the magnificent articles of the great writer. The Humanite was the ringing tribune of the powerful socialist speaker Jean Jaures, and which, since his murder on 1 Aug. 1914, has been directed by the Deputy Renaudel and upholds the ideal of the French Labor party; the Guerre Sociale, whose career is of the strangest, upheld the most advanced ideas by Gustave Herve, a violent anti-militarist, who therein planted the flag in the dune and who now, an illumined convert restored to less ex cessive feelings, has called his paper La Vic toire. The Oeuvre is inspired and directed by Gustave Thiry, a militant journalist and a very bitter and often just censor of the censor ship of the administration, of morals and men; Paris-Midi is sold at noon to justify its title, and L'Information, once a financial paper, is transformed into a great daily, austere and very well informed. Excelsior was founded in 1811 by Pierre Laffitte, a great newspaper starter, the creator of le sass tout and Femina; Excelsior is a daily paper with many pictures. Since 1917 such papers as the Trait d'Union, a Franco-Italian paper, the Journal du Peuple, a militant socialist, have appeared, and since 1915 Le Bulletin des Armies de la Republique and in numerable soldiers' papers, written and printed at the front. Meantime, the foreign papers enjoyed a great success in Paris, for they gave the enemies' war-bulletins; the Journal de Geneve, the Gazette de Lausanne, the Suisse and also the Italian, Spanish and English papers; the London Daily Mail (Paris edition) ; the German paper Pariser Zeitung vanished on the first day of the war. The New York Herald, true to its traditions of publishing the news both in English and in French, saw an increase of the just sympathies of the numerous readers of its Parisian edition.