(See FIRE PROTECTION). The shutters employed are similar to the fire doors already described, both in material employed and methods of auto matic operation. Shutters should be capable of being opened from the outside to allow access to firemen and protected hose holes should be provided. A less efficient but more pleasing protection is a combination of metal frames and sash and wire-glass panes. Automatic opera tion of the sash is also employed. The wire glass used for the window has already been described and is not a new invention although its extensive use for fire protection is com paratively recent. Wire-glass radiates heat and therefore is far from complete protection. In flammable contents may be ignited by the heat passing through ordinary wire-glass; double glassed sash is therefore frequently employed and shutters are an important auxiliary. An excellent illustration of the value of the wire glass window is the California Electrical Works in the San Francisco fire, which would probably have been burned but for this pro tection.
Aside from facts regarding materials and construction the primary purposes of this arti cle, briefly stated, have been to show : (1) That the popular term °fireproof)) must be taken in a relative rather than an absolute sense, because the best fire-resisting buildings with unsuitable surroundings often suffer con siderable damage in•large conflagrations.
(2) That fire-resisting construction is a phase of fire protection which is closely corre lated with fire prevention.
(3) That materials, design and construction are three equally important factors in the crea tion of an efficient structure. It has been clearly indicated that an agglomeration of non-com bustible materials without appropriate design does not constitute a fire-resisting building. The design, secondly, must be such as to permit of the use of fire-resisting mate rials. Thirdly, several instances have been mentioned, such as the use of terra-cotta, application of protective material to columns, protection of beams and girders, etc., where poor construction has rendered both design and material futile. Furthermore, all the various individual features of protection are closely in terrelated; adequate walls may be rendered use less by unprotected windows and doors, other wise well-constructed floors may be rendered useless by the existence of unprotected stair ways and elevator shafts, the division of area should be supplemented by an automatic sprinkler system, proper stairways are essential to fire extinguishment and so on, almost in definitely. Immunity from the danger and waste of fire consists not of the provision of non-combustible materials, nor of special types of design, nor of miscellaneous protective de vices, but of an intelligent combination of these, coexistent with building restrictions, public fire protection, auxiliary devices and the elimination of preventable causes.
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