Education.— In Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Pahang, there are a number of English schools maintained or assisted by the government, with an average enrolment of 5,000 boys and 1,400 girls, and 367 Malay ver nacular schools, with an average enrolment of 19,286 and an average attendance of over 15,000. There are several Chinese schools, but they are not under the control or supervision of the Education Department. Expenditure on educa tion in 1915 amounted to $260,000.
Government, Administration, etc.—The laws in force in each state of the federation are contained in enactments passed by the state councils, up to December 1909, and from that date, where more than one state is affected, by the Federal Council, which consists of the High Commissioner as President, the chief secretary, the sultans of Perak, Selango and Pahang, the Yam Tuan of Negri Sembilan, the four British residents, the legal adviser, and four unofficial members, and in addition to legislation deals with the annual estimates of revenue and ex penditure. All legislative enactments are sub mitted to the High Commissioner and the Sec retary of State for the colonies. There is a Supreme Court, comprising a Court of Appeals, magistrates' courts of the first and second class, and courts of a Kathi and assistant Kathi.
In Perak, Selangor and Sungei Ujong, British residents were appointed in 1874, with a staff of European officers whose duty was to aid the native rulers by advice, and to exercise executive functions. The supreme authority in each state is vested in the state council, con sisting of the Sultan, the resident, the secretary of the resident, and some of the principal Malay chiefs and Chinese merchants. The residents are under the control of the Chief Secretary and High Commissioner.
In 1883 the relations of the Straits Settlements with the small native states on the frontier of Malacca were consolidated. These states were confederated in 1889, under the name of Negri Sembilan (anine states"). In January 1895, Sungei Ujong, including Jelebu, and Negri Sembilan were placed under one resident and in the following July a treaty was signed by which the administrations were amalgamated.
The new federation, which still retains the old name of Negri Sembilan, comprises the states of Sungei Ujong, Sri Menanti, Johol Jelebu, Rembau and Tampin. In 1887, by agreement with the Rajah of Pahang, the control of his foreign relations, etc., was surrendered to the British government. This was followed by a further agreement in 1888 with the Rajah, now styled Sultan, under which Pahang was taken under British protection, on the same terms as the Protected Native States on the west coast of the peninsula. In July 1896, the treaty be
tween the four protected native states, Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negri Sembilan, and the British government came into force by which the administrative federation of these states under a chief secretary is provided for, and the states agree to furnish a contingent of troops for service in the colony should the British government be at war with any foreign nation.
Military Forces, Police, etc.—The military force of the states consists of an infantry bat talion of Sikhs and Pathans known as the Malay States Guides, to which is attached a mountain battery with mules. The rank and file of the police force consists of an Indian and a Malay contingent. The authorized strength of the force in 1915 was 97 European and five native officers, and 3,347 rank and file, but the actual strength was about 200 below this. There is also a detective branch con sisting of Chinese, Tamils, Malays, etc., in charge of Europeans.
Population.— According to the last census Perak had a population of 494,057, of whom 344,238 were males and 149,819 were females; Selangor, 294,035, of whom 220,939 were males and 73,096 females; Negri Sembilan, 130,199, of whom 87,651 were males and 42,548 females; Pahang, 118,708, comprising 72,234 males and 46,474 females; a total of 1,036,999, of whom 725,062 were males and 311,937 females. The population contained 420,840 Malays, 433,244 Chinese, 172,465 natives of India, 3,284 Euro peans and Americans and 2,649 Eurasians. The preponderance of males over females is due to the number of Chinese immigrants. The largest town in the states is Kuala Tumpur, in Selangor, with 60;000 inhabitants.
Bibliography.— Reports on the Federated Malay States (London annually) ;