Two new festivals were introduced in the course of the 4th century: Epiphany (q.v.), which had its origin in the East, and Christmas (q.v.). Of still later date are the festivals of the Cross, of the Transfiguration, of the Trinity, Circumcision, Corpus Christi and many others; and attendance at church was obligatory on all important occasions from about the beginning of the 6th century. Also, about this time, the calendar was divided into the three cycles of Advent Easter and Pente cost. The adoration of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, found inevitable expression in the con secration of special days to her service. Of these (in addition to the month of May and each Saturday of each week, which in some parts of Christendom were entirely given up to her worship), the most widely known were the Presentation, Annunciation (Lady Day), As sumption, Visitation and the Immaculate Con ception. Then gradually there came into the calendar the festivals of Angels, of Apostles, Saints, Martyrs, Souls, Ordinations, etc. So greatly did they increase, indeed, and so far did they depart from the ancient simplicity of their pious founders, that many ordinances were issued from time to time in an attempt to curb extravagance and unseemly practices. But it was only after generations of vigorous propa ganda that Pope Urban VIII was at last per suaded in 1642 to reduce the number. Other
pontiffs followed in his steps; Bene dict XIV in 1742, and Clement XIV in 1773. The festivals of the Christian churches have been divided into statute those that return annually without variation) tndicte (being proclamations extraordinary), duplicia (to be *doubly remembered*), semiduplicia (half double), etc. It follows that on occasions of more than ordinary importance a double office had to be recited. Of these, one is the customary feria and the other that of the feast. Semi-doubles are those in which the two offices are incorporated. Certain festivals of the first class are celebrated till the octave or 8th day following. There is also a division into weekly and yearly feasts; the yearly being divided into greater and minor, or into movable or immov able. Distinction is also drawn between integri (whole days), intercisi (half days), etc. For the Roman Catholic Church these differen tiations are given with all detail in the general rubrics of the breviary. The Greek Church has an even more highly complex calendar than that of the Latin. The Church of England (Episcopalian), in the spirit of most of the Protestant churches of the Reformation, made various changes in the festal calendar. The following is the annual order of the. Saints' days and Festivals, compiled from the English calendar, with some few exceptions.*