Of tropical fruit trees there are over 40, 000,000 of bearing age. The annual value of the tropical fruit crop is now well over $10, 000,000. Strawberries are grown in large quantities for the northern markets; the an nual value of the crop is about $350,000.
Live Stock.-- On 1 Jan. 1918 the State had 62,000 horses, valued at $6,100,000; 33,000 mules, valued at $4,950,000; 120,000 sheep, valued at $300,000; 1,375,000 pigs, valued at $12,375,000; 145,000 milch cows, valued at $6,184,000, and 891,000 cattle other than milch cows, valued at $16,038,000. The total value of all farm animals in the State on 1 Jan. 1918 was $45, 947,000, an increase' of 126 per cent over the value of the live stock in 1910, which was $19,818,905, and an increase of 47.7 per cent over the value of the live stock on 1 Jan. 1914, which was then estimated by the United States Department of 4kgriculture at $31,828,000.
Manufactures.- The greatest industry of Florida, aside from the forest products, is the manufacture of cigars and tobacco, of which the heart is Tampa and Key West; it was de veloped by the immigration of Cuban cigar makers and still use great quantities of Havana leaf. The total value of tobacco prod ucts manufactured annually is $21,575,000; the industry gives employment to 12,280 wage earners in 229 establishments. The capital in vested in the industry amounts to $11,164,000, and the operatives receive as wages $7,169,000 yearly. Of the total value ($21,575,000) of the products of this industry, $12,890,000 is the value added by manufacture. The lumber and timber industry with the by-products of tar, rosin, turpentine and naval stores is the great est industry at present in the value of the product which is estimated at $40,000,000 yearly. These industries employ over 37,000 people, but in the turpentine and ship stores industry convict labor was employed to a very great ex tent until 1915. In these industries the greater part-nearly two-thirds-of the value of the product is added by manufacture. Next in im portance comes the fertilizer industry which, with an invested capital of $3,758,000 employs nearly 1,000 people in 12 establishments. The value of the products in a recent year was $4,170,165, of which about one-third repre sented the value added by manufacture. The next industry of great proportion is that of cars and general shop construction and rail way repair shops. There are 12 establishments of this kind in the State, with 1,753 wage earners, who receive $1,018,000 in wages an nually. The invested capital amounts to $1, 251,000 and the value of the output to $1,743, 000, of which $1,142,000 represents the value added by manufacture. The printing and pub lishing industry is next in importance with 174 establishments employing about 1,000 wage earners, and paying yearly $529,000 in wages.
The capital invested in this industry amounts to $1,683,000; the value of the product is esti mated at $1,866,000, of which $1,432,000 is added by manufacture. Other industries with
annual products less than $1,000,000 in value are those of wooden boxes and barrels, cedar for lead pencils, sugarcane syrup, cottonseed oil and meal, brick and tile, canning and pre serving, foundry and machine shop products, gas and ice, and boat building. The United States census of manufactures for 1914 showed within the State 2,518 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 63,296 persons, of whom 55,698 were wage-earners receiving an nually a total of $24,822,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $88,319,000, and the year's output was valued at $81,112,000; of this $47,296,000 was the value added by manu facture; the materials used having cost $33, 816,000.
The industrial progress in Florida was slow until the Civil War and afterward until the end of the Reconstruction period. It has made rapid strides, however, in the present century, but it suffers from several natural handicaps which preclude Florida from ever becoming of prime importance as an industrial State. The chief drawbacks are the lack, of coal and of water power, two necessary requirements for any great industrial State. Another handicap is the system of leasing convict labor, a feature common to many States of the South. Great industries do not thrive on such a system and the sooner legislation is adopted to bring about its abolishment the sooner will industry show a healthful activity in all lines. As stated above the State's industries give employment to 55, 698 wage-earners, who receive compensation for their services to the amount of $24,822,000 yearly, an average of $446.39 per person. The same authority (United States census of manu factures) gives the capital invested as $88, 319,000, 6 per cent interest on which would amount to $5,229,140. The value added to the raw materials by manufacture was $47,296,000. By deducting from this the amount of wages and the interest on the capital —$30,051,140 we have $17,244,860 left for depreciation of plant, machinery, etc., and as compensation for the 8,000 other persons engaged in industry and not classed as wage-earners. This reward for the masters of industry appears unduly high in comparison with the $446.39 per annum paid to the average wage-earner. Of the wage earners in industry in Florida only 3,000 are women and less than 1,000 are under 16 years of age. The average hours of labor are 58 hours per week and in about one-sixth of all establishments the hours were more than 60 per week. Tampa, Key West, Jacksonville and Pensacola are the chief industrial centres and contain nearly one-half of all industrial estab lishments in the State. Tampa and Key West lead with tobacco establishments, Jacksonville in fertilizer works, while at Pensacola all in dustries are about equally represented.