Fuero
Fuero (from The Latin Forum), A Spanish Word Signifying Jurisdiction, Law, Privilege. It Is Applied To The Various Written Codes And Char Acters Of Particular Districts, Towns, Etc., And Signifies Generally Those Laws, Privileges And Immunities Founded On Usage And Sanctioned By The Suzerain Or Supreme Authority. Fueros Are Both ...
Fugger
Fugger, Fook'er, Or Fug'ger, The Name Of A Wealthy And Illustrious German Family Of Suabia, Descended From A Weaver, Who Origin Ally Lived In The Environs Of Augsburg, About 1300. They Were At First Successful In Selling Clothes, But Afterward Extended Their Dealings And Became Merchants, Accumulating An Im Mense ...
Fuggers
Fuggers Bank Of The. The Foundation Of This Great Banking House Was Laid In Augs Burg, Bavaria, About The Middle Of The 15th Century. (rabelais, (letters From Rome,' 1536). As Its Active Career Extended To The Middle Of The 17th Century It Embraced A Period Of Some 200 Years During ...
Fulda
Fulda, Fol'da, Ludwig, German Dram Atist: B. Frankfort, 15 July 1862, Of Jewish Ancestry. After Finishing The Schools Of His Native City, He Attended Several German Uni Versities, Finally Taking The Degree Doctor Of Philosophy, From The University Of Heidelberg In 1883. He Had Devoted Himself Largely To German Literature ...
Fulda_2
Fulda, Abbey Of. A Benedictine Abbey In Prussia, Which Is. Also The Seat Of A Bishopric. The Abbey Was Founded In 744 Under The Direc Tion Of Saint Boniface, Who Made It An Episco Pal See As A Part Of His Plan For Evangelizing Germany. The Rule Of The Community ...
Fuller
Fuller, George, American Artist: B. Deerfield, Mass., 1822; D. Brookline, Mass., 21 March 1884. He Went To Illinois In 1836, And, Having Developed A Taste For Painting, Studied In 1842 Under Henry Kirke Brown, At Albany, N. Y. After Working In Boston For A Few Years, He Went To New ...
Fuller_2
Fuller, Melville Weston, Eminent Amer Ican Jurist And One Of The Chief Justices Of The Supreme Court Of The United States. He Was Borne In Augusta, Me., 11 Feb. 1833; D. Sor Rento, Me., 4 July 1910. He Was Graduated At Bowdoin College (a.m.) In 1853, And Attended A Course ...
Fuller_3
Fuller, Sarah Margaret (marchioness Ossota). American Author: B. Cambridgeport, Mass., 23 May 1810; D. Off Fire Island Beach, 16 July 1850. She Derived Her First Teaching From Her Father, Studied Latin At The Age Of Six And Injured Her Health By Over-application. At 13 She Was A Pttpil At The ...
Fullers Earth
Fullers' Earth, A Substance Of In Definite Composition, Consisting Essentially Of Clay, Mixed With Sufficient Finely Divided Siliceous Matter To Destroy Its Plasticity. Ful Ler's Earth Has A Specific Gravity Varying From 1.8 To 2.5, And Also Varies In Color. It Is Of Very Fine Grain And Received Its Name ...
Fulmar
Fulmar, Ffirmar, A Name Applied To Sev Eral Species Of Petrels, Of Which The Most Com Mon Is The Arctic Petrel (fulmarus Glacialis). This Bird Breeds On Rocky Coasts Of The North Atlantic In Enormous Colonies, And Goes South Ward In Winter, Some Individuals As Far South As New Jersey. ...
Fulminates
Fulminates, Fill'mi-nats, Compounds Of Fulminic Acid (c: Noh), All Of Which Are Violently Explosive. The Most Important Of These Is Mercuric Fulminate, Which Is Formed By Dissolving 10 Parts By Weight Of Mercury In 120 Parts Of Nitric Acid Of The Specific Gravity 1.34 And, When Cooled, Pouring This Solution ...
Fulton
Fulton, Robert, American Inventor: B. Little Britain (now Fulton), Lancaster County, Pa., 1765; D. New York, 24 Feb. 1815. His Father Came From Kilkenny, Ireland, Early In The 18th Century, And Settled In Little Britain. At The Age Of 13 Robert Constructed Paddle Wheels, Which He Applied With Success To ...
Fumigation
Fumigation, An Attempt At Disinfection By Gaseous Agents. The Term Is Also Used To Describe The Application Of The Fumes Of Medic Inal Substances To The Respiratory Tract. Fumi Gation Is Probably, In Its Primary Sense, A Very Unsatisfactory Mode Of Bringing About, Disinfec Tion. The Agents That Are Used ...
Function 1
Function. (1) In Biology, The Action Proper To Tissues, Organs Or Groups Of Organs In Plant And Animal Life. The Function Of Respira Tion Is The Joint Action Of Lungs And Skin; Diges Tion Is A Very Compound Function, To Which Organs And Groups Of Organs Contribute. The Actions Are ...
Functionalism
Functionalism (in Psychology And Philosophy). Functionalism Is A Term Em Ployed By Modern Writers Both In Philosophy And Psychology. It Occurs More Commonly In Psychological Writers And It Will Be Convenient To Designate First The Meaning Which They Assign To It. Functional Psychology Can Be Considered As Dealing With Three ...
Funeral Rites
Funeral Rites, The Last Religious And Ceremonial Tribute Of Friendship And Love Paid To The Remains Of The Dead. Funeral Rites Have Developed From The Belief That The Dead Are Not Really Dead And The Desire To Propitiate Or Alleviate The Departed Spirit. Among The Hindus The Corpse Is Perfumed ...
Fungi
Fungi, Fun'ji (singular Fungus, Latin Name For Mushroom), The General Name Ap Plied To A Multitude Of Lower Plants Of Quite Diverse Structure, But Which Agree In Not Con Taining Chlorophyll, The Green Coloring Matter Of The Vegetable Kingdom. Formerly The Fungi Were Regarded As Constituting A Natural Group (class ...
Fungicides
Fungicides, Fun'ji-sid, Any Agent Used To Prevent The Growth Of Fungi Or Their Spores. The Most Important Uses Of Fungicides Are In Agriculture And Horticulture For Controlling The Fungi That Attack Crops. These May Be Divided Into Two General Classes: (1) Fungi Which Burrow Among The Tissues Of The Host ...
Fur Bearing Animals
Fur-bearing Animals, Cultivation Of, Or Fur Farming, Is A New And Promis Ing Industry In North America, Which Has Been Begun In View Of The Alarming Decrease Of These Animals In Their Wild State. It Will Relieve The Pressure On The Wild Stock, And Will Make It Possible Not Only ...
Fur Trade
Fur Trade, The. The History Of The Fur Trade Is So Closely Interwoven With The Early History Of America That It Is.extremely Difficult To Narrate One Without Reference To The Other. Among All The Industries That Helped To Make This Country One Of The Great Commercial Nations Of The World ...
Furnace
Furnace, An Apparatus Wherein A Vehe Ment Fire And Heat May Be Made And Maintained, As For Melting Glass, Ores Or Metals, Heating The Boiler Of A Steam-engine, Warming A House, Firing Pottery Or Baking Bread And Other Such Purposes. Furnaces Are Constructed In A Great Variety Of Ways, According ...
Furniture
Furniture, Mediaeval. Much Of The Few Pieces Of Furniture Used By The Nations Not Reached By Byzantine Or Romanesque In Fluences Was Without Decoration And Consisted Of Bare Boards Fastened Together. But Under Gothic Influence The Pieces Of Utility Began, In The Northern Countries, To Receive Some Artistic Attention. The ...
Furniture
Furniture, Formerly All The Various Movable Appliances Or Articles In The Interior Of A House, Now More Commonly Applied To Arti Cles Of Wood Or Metal. The Ancient Egyptians Aimed To Variety Rather Than Symmetry In The Arrangement Of Their Houses. They Had Chairs Made Of The Finest Woods In ...
Furniture Industry In Amer
Furniture Industry In Amer Ica, The. The Early Cabinet-shops Of America Were Like The Second-hand Repair-shops To Be Seen To-day In New York, Boston, Philadelphia, And Other Large Cities. A Great Many Cabinet Makers Made Furniture Until Late In The 1st Cen Tury Of Commercial Independence On Simile Chippendale Lines. ...
Furs
Furs Are Articles Made From The Skins Of Fur-bearing Animals Prepared With The Hair Left On. A Fur-bearer, In The Language And Prac Tice Of The Fur-trade, Is An Animal That Has A Short, Fine, Soft Coat Through Which Grow Longer Hairs. (for A List Of Fur-bearing Animals And Their ...
Fuse
Fuse, A Device Employed For Firing Explo, Sives. In Mining, Quarrying And In Military And Naval Mining Operations There Is Used The °biel Ford, Safety Running" Or "tape" Fuse Which Con Sists Of A Tubular Cord Of Cotton Or Hemp That Has Been Rendered Slowly Combustible, The Cav Ity In ...
Future Life
Future Life. The Purpose Of This Ar Ticle Is Not To Discuss The Varying Conceptions Of A Future Life Which Have Been Believed And Taught Through The Many Generations Of Human Existence. It Is Not An Attempt To Trace The History Or Development Of The Doctrine Of A Future Life. ...
Fyzabad
Fyzabad, Fiz'o-bad, British India, A Divi Sion Of Oudh, In The United Provinces. Its Area Is 12,000 Square Miles, With A Population Of 6,646,362. Agriculture Is In A Prosperous State; Wheat, Rice And Other Cereals Being Grown Extensively. Other Crops Are Cotton, Tobacco And Indigo. The Capital Is Fyzabad, Near ...
Gablonz
Gablonz, Ablonts (czech, Jablonec), Bohemia, Town On The Neisse, 95 Miles North East Of Prague. It Contains A Gymnasium And Several Trade And Professional Schools. It Is The Chief Seat Of The Glass And Imitation Jewelry Manufacture. It Has Also Woolen And Cotton Factories, Hardware, Papier Mo.che And Other Paper ...
Gabriel
Gabriel (heb. °hero, Or Man, Or Cham Pion Of God"), Among The Post-exilic Jews, One Of The Seven Archangels (q.v.). In The Book Of Daniel And In The Third Gospel He Is The Mes Senger And Interpreter Of God. The Rabbins Represented Him As The Angel Of Death To The ...
Gadara
Gadara, Palestine. It Is Not Mentioned In The Bible, But The Country Of The Gadarenes Is, Which Probably Amounts To The Same Thing. It Was The Scene Of The Casting Out Of The De Mons By Jesus And Their Entry Into The Swine. Gadara Was A Greek City Of Importance, ...
Gadsden Purchase
Gadsden Purchase, The, A Tract Of Territory, Embracing 45,535 Square Miles, Which Was Purchased By The United States From Mexico In 1854. This Region, Which Is Bounded On The North By The Gila River, On The East By The Rio Grande, And On The West By The Colo Rado, Was ...
Gaelic League
Gaelic League, The. From The Pass Ing Of The Statute Of Kilkenny In 1367, The Policy Of The English Governors Of Ireland Was To Discourage The Use Of The Irish Language, And Even To Root It Out Entirely; And From Time To Time Other Laws, With Various Pains And Penalties ...
Gaelic Literature
Gaelic Literature. Although The Oldest Existing Mss. In Gaelic Are Of No Earlier Date Than The 7th Century, There Is Ample Evi Dence That The Literature Of The Gaels, Not Only The Traditional Hut The Written Literature, Is Of Much Greater Antiquity. The Internal Evidence Furnished By The Ancient Sagas, ...
Gaeta
Gaeta, Ga-vti, A City And Seaport Of Italy And One Of The Most Strongly Fortified Maritime Cities Of The Country, Located In The Province Of Caserta On The Gulf Of Gaeta, 74 Miles By Rail Northwest Of Naples. It Is Picturesquely Situ Ated On An Abrupt Promontory Projecting Into The ...
Gaff
Gaff, In A Ship Or Boat, Spar Or A Sort Of Boom To Which The Head Of A Fore-and-aft Sail Is Bent, Such Sail Having Its Foremost Side Made Fast By Rings To The Mast, And Its Lower Edge, In Most Instances, Held Straight By The Boom Proper. The Thick ...
Gaines Mill
Gaines' Mill, Battle Of. After The Battle Of Mechanicsville Or Beaver Dam Creek, 26 June 1862, Mccall's Division Was Withdrawn From The Field Of Its Victory And Gen. Fitz John Porter, With It And The Fifth Corps, Took Up A Defensive Position Near Gaines' Mill, East Of Powhite Creek, A ...
Gainsborough
Gainsborough, Thomas, English Painter : B. Sudbury, Suffolk, May 1727; D. London, 2 Aug. 1788. He Was The Son Of A Wool Manufacturer, And Was Educated Under His Uncle In The Grammar-school Of His Native Town. His Artistic Genius Early Displayed Itself, And For A Time He Studied Art In ...
Galapagos
Galapagos, Gir-a-na'gos, Archi Pelago, A Group Of Volcanic Islands In The Pacific Ocean, Belonging To The Republic Of Ecuador (q.v.). It Consists Of 15 Larger Islands And About 40 Smaller, With A Total Area Estimated At 2,400 To 3,000 Square Miles, And All Included Between Lat. 0° 38' N. And ...
Galatians
Galatians, Epistle Of Paul To The. The Apostle Paul Wrote This Letter To The Churches Of Galatia (i, 2) In Order To Counter Act The Influence Of An Extreme Type Of Judaistic Christianity Which, He Was Convinced, Was Threatening To Undermine Faith In Christ Alone As The Fundamental Principle Of ...
Galesburg
Galesburg, Ill., A City And County-seat Of Knox County, On The Atchison, Topeka And Santa Fe; The Olhicago, Burlington And Quincy, And Chicago And Northwestern Railroads, 4, Miles Northeast Of Burlington, Ia. This Is The Seat Of Knox College, Founded In 1837, Where Took Place The Famous Lincoln-douglass Debate In ...
Galicia
Galicia, Ga-ltshil-a, Austria, A Crownland Or Province Of Austria, Composed Of The King Doms Of Galicia And Lodomeria, The Duchies Of Auschwitz And Zator And The Grandduchy Of Cracow, And Formerly Including The Duchy Of Bukowina. It Is Bounded On The North, North East And East By Russia, Southeast By ...
Galicia_2
Galicia, Sp. Ga-leitlie-a, Spain, An Ancient Kingdom And Province, Bounded North And West By The Atlantic, South By Portugal And East By Leon And Asturias, With An Area Of 11,256 Square Miles. It Has Been Divided Since 1833 Into The Minor Provinces Of Coruna, Lugo, Orense And Pontevedra, Whose Joint ...
Galilei
Galilei, Galileo, Italian Physicist And Astronomer: B. Pisa, 14 Feb. 1564; D. Arcetri, 8 Jan. 1642. His Father, Vincenzo Galilei, An Impoverished Nobleman Of Florence, Caused Him To Be Instructed In Latin And Greek, Drawing And Music, And He Very Early Showed A Strong Inclination To Mechanical Labors. In 1581 ...
Gall
Gall, Abbey Of Saint. A Benedictine Ab Bey In The Canton Saint Gall, Switzerland. It Was Founded In The 7th Century And Placed Under The Patronage Of Saint Gall, Or Gallus, An Irish Missionary And A Disciple Of Saint Columbanus. Saint Gall Died In 646 And A Chapel Was Erected ...
Gallas
Gallas, Gallia, A Hamitic People Inhabit Ing Africa Approximately Between Lat. 9° N. And 3° S. And Long. 34° And 44° E. Their Language Is A Descendant Of The Ancient Geez Of Abyssinia. Though They Bear A Perceptible Strain Of Negro Blood, They Are The Purest Type Of The Ethiopian ...
Gallatin
Gallatin, Abraham Alfonse Albert, Generally Known As Albert Gallatin, American Statesman And Diplomat, And One Of The Fore Most Public Financiers Of The United States: B. Geneva, Switzerland, 29 Jan. 1761; D. Astoria, N. Y., 12 Aug. 1849. In 1773, Both His Parents Having Died A Few Years Previously, The ...
Gallego
Gallego, Gi-yi'go, Juan Nicasio, Span Ish Poet: B. Zamora, 14 Dec. 1777; D. Madrid, 9 Jan. 1853. He Was Possessed Of Great Natural Poetical Talent; But He Was Careless And, In A Sense, Indolent So That His Life's Work Does Not Correspond To His Talents. Graduated From The University Of ...
Gallery
Gallery, In Architecture, Any Of Various 'rooms, Corridors, Platforms, Etc.: (1) A Corri Dor Or Long, Narrow Room, Sometimes Serving As A Means Of Access To Other Parts Of A House; Especially, A Covet-0 Space For Walking, Partly Open At The Side; In English Country Houses, A Main Corridor Having ...
Galley
Galley, The Ancient And Medieval Ship Of The Mediterranean, Propelled Primarily By Oars. The Venetian Galleys Were About 160 Feet Long Above, And 130 Feet By The Keel, 30 Feet Wide And 20 Feet Length Of Stern-post. They Were Furnished With Three Masts, And 30 Banks Of Oars, Each Bank ...
Gallia Gaul
Gaul, Gallia, The Country Of The Gauls, Which Extended In The Times Of The Romans, From The Pyrenees To The Rhine, And On The Side Of Italy, Beyond The Alps To The Adriatic. It Was Divided Into Gaul On This Side (the Italian Side) Of The Alps (gallia Cisalpina), And ...
Gallic Acid
Gallic Acid, C•118(oh)icooh, Is An Acid Which Exists In Small Quantity In Gall-nuts, In Valonia (the Acorn-cup Of Quercus Rgilops), In Dividivi (the Pod Of Cavalinnia Coriona), In Sumach, And Other Vegetables. It Is Usually Pre Pared From Gall-nuts, Which, In Addition To Gal Lie Acid, Contain A Large Proportion ...
Gallic War
Gallic War, Caesar's Commentaries On The. Caesar Had Filled The Consulship In The Year 59 B.c. Shortly After The End Of His Year Of Office, He Had Set Out (early In 58 Lc.) For The Province Of Trans-alpine Gaul, To Which He Had Been Appointed For A Period Of Five ...
Gallicanism
Gallicanism, The Tendencies, Principles, Or Action Of Those Members Of The Roman Cath Olic Church In France Who, Notably In 1682, Sought To Increase The Power Of The National Church And To Restrict In That Country The Au Thority Of The Pope. By Extension, The Tend Ency To Enlarge The ...
Gallieni
Gallieni, Gal-le-ane, Joseph Simon, French General And Colonial Administrator: B. Saint-beat, Department Of Haute-garonne, 24 April 1849; D. Versailles, 27 May 1916. The Son Of An Officer, He Was Educated At The Mili Tary College Of Saint Cyr And Served As Lieu Tenant In The Franco-german War. From 1877 To ...
Gallinger
Gallinger, Jacob H(arold)., American Physician And Republican Politician: B. Corn Wall, Ontario, Canada, 28 March 1837, Being One Of 12 Children; D. Franklin, N. H., 18 Aug. 1918. He Received A Common-school And Aca Demic Education; Was A Printer In Early Life; Studied Medicine And Was Graduated In 1858; And ...
Gallinie
Gallinie, A Group Of Birds, Styled Galli Naceous Or "game-birds," Deriving Its Name From The Latin Gallus, The Domestic Cock, Which Is A Typical Example. The Group Is Non-classi Fied As A Suborder Galli Of The Order Galli Formes, Situated Between The Tinamous And The Rails. The Order Embraces The ...
Galloway
Galloway, An Extensive District In The Southwest Of Scotland, Once Somewhat Larger, But Now Comprised In The Shires Of Wigtown And Kirkcudbright. To-day, The Designation Is Nothing But A Name, Having No Political Bearing. It Enjoys A Mild Climate, And Is Famous As A Pastoral District, Its Breeds Of Small ...
Galls And
Galls And Galls Are Unnatural Plant-growths Caused By Various Forms Of Parasitic Animals Or Plants, More Partic Ularly By The Hymenopterous Family Of Gall-flies (cynipidee). Gall-gnats (cccidomyiidee),— (minute Two-winged Midges Or Flies), Many Species Of Mites, Certain Aphids, Nematode Worms, Some Forms Of Caterpillars, And The Larva Of Weevils And ...
Galsworthy
Galsworthy, John, English Author: B. 1867. His Early Works Appeared Under The Nan-de-plume Of "john Senjohn° And Attracted Little Notice, Being Purely Of A Conventional Type. 'jocelyn' (1898),
Galt
Galt, John, Scottish Novelist: B. Irvine, Ayrshire, 2 May 1779; D. Greenock, Scotland, 11 April 1839. In 1804 He Went To London, And Entered Into A Mercantile Partnership, But The Venture Soon Ended In Bankruptcy. He Then Entered Himself At Lincoln's Inn, But Made Small Progress In Law, And Quitted ...
Galton
Galton, Garten, Sir Francis, English Scientist: B. Birmingham, 16 Feb. 1822; D. 17 Tan. 1911. He Was A Grandson Of Erasmus Darwin And A Cousin Of Charles Darwin, The Scientist. He Was Educated At King Edward's School, Birmingham; Studied Medicine At The Birmingham Hospital And King's College, London; And Graduated ...
Galvani
Galvani, Gal-va'ne, Luigi, Italian Physi Ologist; The Discoverer Of Galvanism: B. Bo Logna, 9 Sept. 1737; D. There, 4 Dec. 1798. He Studied Medicine, And In 1762 Entered On The Practice Of His Profession. His Favorite Studies Were Anatomy And Physiology. He Soon Re Ceived The Appointment Of Professor Of ...
Galvanization
Galvanization, Treatment Of Dis Ease By. Of The Different Forms Of Electricity Used In Medicine The Galvanic Or Direct Current Is Perhaps The Most Widely Employed. This Form Of Current Is Derived From A Primary Battery, A Storage Battery, Or A Direct Current Dynamo. Its Therapeutic Use Has A Wide ...
Galvanometer
Galvanometer, An Instrument For De Tecting And Measuring The Intensity, Direction Or Length Of Duration Of An Electric Current By Means Of The Magnetic Force It Produces. The Many Types Of Indicating Instruments Such As Voltmeters And Ammeters, Where The Pointer Is Held At Zero By Some Directive Force, Such ...
Galveston
Galveston, Military And Naval Oper Ations At. In The Summer Of 1862 Farragut Sent Several Light Squadrons To Cruise Along The Coast Of Texas, And A Blockade Was Maintained Against Galveston, Which Was Abandoned By The Confederate Military Forces, And 8 October Sur Rendered By Its Civil Authorities To Commander ...
Galveston
Galveston, Tex., City, Port Of Entry And County-seat Of Galveston County, Located On The East End Of Galveston Island Which Is 30 Miles Long And Two Miles From The Main Land. Galveston Bay Lies To The North And Gulf Of Mexico On The South. The City Is Con Nected With ...
Galveston Sea Wall
Galveston Sea-wall. The Date 8 Sept. 1900, In Galveston, Tex., Will Be Referred To By Its Inhabitants For Generations To Come. The Appalling Loss Of Life And The Destruction Of Property On That Date, Due To The Terrific West Indian Hurricane Which Drove The Waters Of The Gulf Of Mexico ...