GENEALOGY (from the Greek genos, race, and logos, discourse), the systematic ac count of the origin, descent and relations of families is an auxiliary of historical science. Genealogical knowledge becomes important in a personal or legal view, when family claims are to be established. Genealogy is founded on the idea of a lineage or family. Persons descended from a common father constitute a family. Under the idea of degree is denoted the nearness or remoteness of relationship in which one person stands with respect to another. A series of several persons, descended from a common progenitor, is called a line. A line is either direct or collateral. The direct line is divided into the ascending and descend ing. The ascendants are called, in general, majores (ancestors), and the descendants posteri (or posterity). The collateral lines comprehend the several lines which unite in a common progenitor. They are either or unequal, according as the number of the de grees in the lines is the same or different: The' collateral relations on the father's •sire are termed agnati, on the mother's cognati. chil dren stand to each other in the relation either of the full blood or the half blood, according as they are descended from the same parents, or have only one parent in common.
For illustrating descent and relationship gen ealogical tables are constructed, the order of which depends on the end in view. In tables the object of which is to show all the indi viduals embraced in a family, it is usual to begin with the oldest progenitor, and to put all the persons of the male or female sex in de scending, and then in collateral lines. Other tables exhibit the ancestors of a particular per son in ascending lines, both on the father's and mother's side. In this way 4, 8, 16, etc., ances tors are exhibited. The tables showing the succession of rulers contain merely the descent of the persons who have reigned in succession, or who have claims to the government. In connection with them stand the tables of dis puted succession, which represent several lines of a family, or several collateral families, in order to deduce their rights of succession from their degree of relationship. Synchronical tables consist of the genealogies of several families placed together, in order to compare, with facility, relationships, marriages, divisions of inheritance, etc. Historical genealogical tables differ from mere genealogical tables, as they attach to the descent the biographies also of the members. The common form of genea logical tables places the common stock at the head, and shows the degree of each descendant by lines.
The earliest genealogical tables are perpetu ated in the Biblical family records of succeed ing generations, in graven stone memorials of ancient Egypt, Assyria, Persia, India and other Oriental countries. Genealogical knowledge was most important in the Ages, when the nobility was distinct from the other classes. Ancestors were unblushingly and imprudently fabricated, the absence of criticism and the de sire to flatter important people causing the in troduction of the most absurd fables into genealogy, especially after the 14th century. Few families, no matter however distinguished and noble, can trace their ancestry beyond or even as far as the middle of the 11th century. The advance of civilization and particularly the institution of corporations and guilds in the towns of the principal European nations afforded a wider scope for genealogy, and in the 12th and 13th centuries family names be gan to be more common. The oldest trace of
family names according to Gatterer is in 1062 when a Henricus de Sinna is mentioned in Schannat's "Buchonia Veteri." After history in general had attained a more systematic char acter, the Germans in particular treated gene alogy on a more scientific basis. Ruxner's (1527) and Reusner and Hen flings' genealogical tables which appeared about the end of the 16th century, are among the earliest published works, but are not conceived in an historical spirit. Duchesne, Saint Marthe, Hozier, Chifflet, Lancelot le Blond, etc., in France, and Dugdale in England, initiated a clearer and more accurate treatment of the subject. The first genealogists in Germany to base the science on documentary evidence were Rittershusius of Altdorf (d. 1670) and Spencer of Wittenberg (d. 1730). The lines laid down by them were followed and carried to higher perfection by Kanig, Von Imhof, and especially by Hubner in his Tabellen (4 vols., 1725-33; new ed., 17374)6), to which Lentz added 'Erlauterungen) (Elucidations, 1756), and Sophia, queen of Denmark, 'Supplement Tafeln' (1822-24). Gatterer founded the scientific treatment of the subject in his (Abriss der Genealogie' (1788), and was followed by Putter in his 'Tabube Genealogicw) (1798), by Koch in his 'Tables (1808), Voigtel (1810), Hopf (1861), Von Behr (1870), Cohn (1871), and Oertel (1871), all in Ger many.
The principal genealogical MSS. sources in Great Britain are the public records, heraldic registers and the parish registers of births, marriages and deaths. The chief printed col lections of genealogical information are the well-known Burke, Debrett, and other like pub lications of °Peerages, Baronages, Baronetages and County Histories? In the United States, genealogy was gen erally neglected until the latter part of the 19th century, when the organization of patriotic, State and colonial societies, like the Society of the Cincinnati, the Holland Society of New York, the Southern Society, etc., aroused an in terest in genealogy. Genealogical societies have been organized in several States and the subject has received more or less attention. New York society folks in 1901-02 began to take up genealogy as a special fad or hobby and num bers of persons adopted the study of family trees as a regular employment. The principal publications in the United States on genealogy are 'The New England Historical and Genea logical Register); 'The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record'; The Heraldic Jour nal; the various biographical dictionaries and cyclopadias; the printed transactions and archives of State and city historical societies; county, State, city and town histories.
GENgE, zhe-na, Adeline, Danish ballet dancer: b. Aarhuus, Jutland, 1878. In 1886 she made her first public appearance and in 1895 became first dancer at the Royal Opera House, Copenhagen. She appeared subsequently in Berlin and Munich and in 1897 was engaged for 10 years at the Empire Theatre, Leicester Square, London. There she appeared with great success in all the ballets brought out under the management of the Empire. In 1908 she appeared in New York in