In individual groups of callings this de velopment was still more pronounced than in the general average; as, for example, in metal working, in the machinery, instrument and apparatus industries, in the industries of wood and woodworking and in the building trades. In metal working there were 288,000 persons employed in 1882 in small concerns, and only 85,000 in large ones. In the machin ery industry the ratio in 1882 was 123,000 to 166,000 persons, but in 1907 it was 136,000 to 788,000. In the building trades it was 245,000 to 95,000 in 1882, but 315,000 to 633,000 in 1907. In mining and smelting, in which small and medium concerns were quite insignificant already in 1882, not less than 832,000 out of a grand total of 861,000 persons employed in 1907 were in the large concerns. The de velopment of the second form of association of labor, namely, that of bringing together various processes of production into a central ized undertaking — did not lag behind the shifting in the sizes of undertakings just de scribed. The production of raw and secondary materials was united, on a large scale, with manufacturing concerns; businesses producing semi-manufactured goods found it to their ad vantage, in an increasing degree, to take in hand the production of finished goods; produc ing establishments annexed transportation un dertakings, so far as these were not monop olized. This development was seen not only
in industry, but also in agriculture, where dairies, distilleries, breweries, sugar factories and the like have become to an increasing de gree a part of the regular appurtenances of the great agricultural establishments.
The development of business enterprises into larger and larger units is shown by the following table : The internal division of labor finding outlet in the foreign trade has therefore contributed in its development, not only toward giving the German people more abundant and more varied means for satisfying their wants, but has really created the conditions that made it possible for the great increase of the population during recent decades to find the means of subsistence on German soil.
Bibliography.— Helfferich, Dr. Karl, 'Ger many's Economic Progress and National Wealth) (Berlin 1914) ; Koester, Frank, The Price of Inefficiency' (New York 1913) ; and 'Secrets of German Progress' (ib. 1915) ; Dresdner Bank, 'Germany's Economic Forces' (Berlin 1913) ; 'Deutschland als Weltmacht' (ib. 1911).