M. G. KAINS.
the hats of the family Pteropodieke, called also fox-bats or flying foxes, because of their fox-like heads and faces. They compose one of the two grand subdivisions of bats, the Megachiroptera (see BAT), con fined to the tropical parts of the Old World. These are the largest of all bats, and differ from the other bats in that they are entirely frugivorous. There are several genera, the most important being the genus Pteropus. The best-known species is the Indian fox-bat (P. tuedius), common in India, Ceylon and neigh boring islands. As evening falls these bats fly out of the branches, where they have hung, like great black fruits, all day, and start on their nocturnal depredations, which they con tinue until dawn, when they return to their homes,— thousands sometimes forming a single colony, wrangling and jostling one another for the most desirable places on the limbs. Once settled they hang, head down, until day is over. They are so numerous and so destructive to crops in certain localities that they are hunted vigorously; but even when they are shot by thousands, the numbers do not seem to be ma terially decreased. There are certain species that sometimes feed on flowers as well as fruit; but this is not generally the case. The Indian fruit bat, Lyddeker says, will greedily drink palm juice from the pots hung on the trees to col lect it, and at times, individuals have been found at the foot of the trees quite helpless from intoxication.
The spread of wing is from four to five feet in the Indian and Malay species; smaller than these are the ugly-faced Harpyias, so named because of the supposition that they were the of the old mythology.
the somewhat crow-like birds of that section of the South American family Cotingidce called Gymnoderince. This section contains a number of most unusually ornamented birds, such as the bill-bird, and um brella-bird, and most of them have bare spaces, or wattles, about the head. They are woodland birds whose habits are little known, but they feed on seeds and berries, and make large nests in trees and bushes.
any of the flies of the family whose eggs are laid and maggots are bred in fruit, for example, the apple-mag under Areta), or in plant stems. The Mexican orange-worm (see °RANCE IN SECT-PESTS) Is another well-known species, while the galls so frequently observable upon the golden-rod are the work of a third (Try peta ginis). The maggots 'remain within the fruit or gall during the winter, then, if not already thrown down, creep out, drop to the ground and transform into pupa and imago. They vary in color from buff to brownish-black, and are frequently beautifully banded or spotted. See also POMACE-FLY.