1 British Guiana
1. British Guiana Is Situated Approxi Mately Between Lat. 1° And 8° 40' N. It Is Bonded On The North And Northeast By The Atlantic Ocean, On The East By Dutch Guiana, On The South By Brazil, And On The West By Brazil And Venezuela. Its Area Is 89,480 Square ...
10 The Political Parties
10. The Political Parties 1906-18. With The Accession Of The Campbell-banner Man (q.v.) Administration In January 1906, The Liberty Party Returned To Power After Nearly 20 Years' Political Exile. Excepting For Two Short Spells Of One Year And Two Years The Con Servatives, Joined By The Liberal Unionists, Had Been ...
11 Parliament
11. Parliament. The British Parlia Ment Has Its Roots Deep In The Past. It Has Legislated Continuously For A Period Of More Than 600 Years, A Record Unapproached In The History Of The World. It Has Been Developed By Successive Stages From The Great Council Of The Norman And Angevin ...
13 Crown And Cabinet
13. Crown And Cabinet. The Crown Is A Chattel, And Is Kept In The Tower Of London. But The Genius Of The british Race, Striving Un Consciously Toward The Expression Of National Unity And Permanence, Has Come To Personify It As A Power, Which, Though Necessarily Wielded By Or In ...
14 The Judicial System
14. The Judicial System In Eng Land And Wales. The English Judicial System, Like The English Law, Grew Up Naturally And Spontaneously. It Is Of Native Growth. It Has Never Been Constructed En Bloc On Any Sci Entific Or Strictly Logical Principle; But It Is Per Haps None The Worse ...
15 Local Government
15. Local Government. As In Other Large And Populous Countries, The Work Of Gov Ernment In England* Is Classified As Being Either National Or Local. This Classification Has No Reference To The Place In Which The Work Is Done Or To The Area Benefited; In England At Any Rate, It ...
16 The Civil Service
16. The Civil Service. The Present Organization Of The English Civil Service May Be Said To Have Originated In The Appointment By Order In Council In 1855 Of A Civil Service Commission Sufficiently Strong And Independent To Check In Some Degree The Then Existing Abuses Of Parliamentary Patronage. In The ...
17 Scottish History
17. Scottish History. From The Invasion Of Agricola In 80 A.d. To The Death Of Alexander Iii In 1286. In The Main Lines Of Its Development Scotland Has From The Be Ginning Been Subjected To The Same General In Fluences That Have Determined The Civilization Of All The Countries Of ...
19 Wales
19. Wales. Wales Derives Its Name From A Teutonic Root Meaning Foreign, Applied To The Country By The English Invaders Of Britain. In Welsh It Is Called Cymru (formerly Spelled Kymry), A Name, In Spite Of A Superficial Re Semblance, Ent;rely Unconnected With The Cimbri Or The Cimmerii. The Welsh ...
1911 12 Parliament Act
12. Parliament Act, 1911. This Im Portant Measure Was Introduced By The Asquith Administration In April 1910, With A Threefold Object: (1) To Reform The House Of Lords By Substituting A Popular Or Representative Basis For The Hereditary One Then (and Still) Existing; (2) To Restrict The Vetoing Powers Of ...
2 Dutch Guiana Or
2. Dutch Guiana Or Surinam Is Bounded On The North By The Atlantic Ocean, On The East By French Guiana, On The South By Brazil, And On The West By British Guiana. It Ex Tends From Lat. 2° To 6° N., And From Long. 53° 50' To 58° 20' W. ...
20 National Finance
20. National Finance. National Debt. The National Debt Of The United King Dom, In The Sense In Which The Term Is Under Stood In Several Official Returns, Amounted Ou 31 March 1914 To I650,000,000, But In Addition To This There Were Various Amounts Outstanding Which Had Been Borrowed For Military, ...
21 Banking
21. Banking. Banking In Great Britain As Now Carried On Is The Product Of A Continu Ous Process Of Evolution; It Owes Very Little To External Influences, And Can Only Be Properly Understood In The Light Of The Study Of Its Earlier Developments. Its Strength Is The Strength Derived From ...
22 Commerce
22. Commerce 18th Century. English Commerce Of The 18th Century Is Re Markable For The Revolution In The Methods By Which It Was Carried On, For Its Growth Under The Great Whig System Of Protection And For Its Culmination In A Tremendous Expansion With The Coming Of Machinery. ...
23 British Commerce
23. British Commerce. Volume Of It Has Been Estimated That Nearly A Fifth Of The Working Population Of The United Kingdom Depends For Existence On The Sale Of Its Products In Foreign Markets; Add To This The Classes Engaged In Ocean Transport, In Market Organization And Financial Settlements, And It ...
24 Navigation Acts
24. Navigation Acts. In The 17th Century The Independence Of The English Nation As A Nation Had Been Secured. Spain Had Been Conquered At Sea, And Henceforth Maritime Power Became More Than Ever The Great National Ideal. Comparatively Safe From The Dominance Of A Foreign Power, And Her Internal Resources ...
25 British Shipping
25. British Shipping. To An Island People, And Especially To A Nation Which Has Necessarily To Import Four-fifths Of The Wheat It Consumes, And Fully One-half Of The Total Amount Of Its Food From Countries Beyond The Sea, A Large And Efficient Mercantile Marine Is A Vital Need. To Such ...
26 British Railways
26. British Railways. Comparisons And Contrasts Between The Railway Systems Of Great Britain And The United States. "the Plastic American Instinct Has Introduced The Wholesale Principle Into Regions Where The Slower-witted Nations Of Europe Have Never Thought Of Applying It. The Factory Life Of England Is New And British Manufacturers ...
27 The English Land
27. The English Land Law. Sources And General Characteristics. The Law Of Land, Or "real Estate" Bears The Traces Of The Different Streams Of Influence That Have Made English History. It Derives Its Main Char Acteristics From The Feudal Organization Of So Ciety, But These Characteristics Have Been Super Imposed ...
28 The 18th Cen
28. The 18th Cen Tury. Between 1700 And 1815 English Agri Culture Changed Its Whole Character. England Became A Great Wheat Exporting Country And Continued So Up To 1773. Great Agricultural Improvements Were Carried Through, Stock Breeding Became Scientific, Waste Land Was Broken Up, Large Portions Of The Fens Were ...
29 Agriculture Since The
29. Agriculture Since The 18th Century. History. The Close Of The 18th Century Saw The English System Of Farming Fully Established, With Its Charac Teristic Division Of The Landed Interest Into The Three Classes Of Landlord Capitalists, Ten Ant Farmers, And Laborers. Agricultural Im Provement Had Indeed Made Great Strides ...
3 French Guiana
3. French Guiana, Lying Between The Atlan Tic Ocean, Brazil, And Datch Guiana, Has An Area Of About 32,000 Square Miles. Besides Cayenne, Capital Of The Colony, And Its Only Port (population, According To The Latest Census, 13,527), There Are 14 Communes. Mineral Pro Ductions Are Gold (105,600 Ounces In ...
31 The Mining Industry
31. The Mining Industry. When It Is Considered That Mining Enterprise In Great Britain .and Ireland Accounts, At The Present Time, For The Employment Of No Less Than 1,236,210 Persons Directly Engaged In The Produc Tion Of 354,890.867 Tons Of Minerals Estimated To Be Worth, At The Mines And Quarries ...
32 The Industrial Revolution
32. The Industrial Revolution. Between The Years 1770 And 1840 England Be Came The Workshop Of The World. She Changed Radically In Character; From An Agricultural Nation She Became Primarily A Manufacturing One. She Became Dependent For Her Raw Materials On Foreign Nations And On Markets Abroad For The Sale ...
33 British Trade Unionism
33. British Trade Unionism. English Trade Unionism Is An Indigenous Prod Uct, Which Has Remained Singularly Uninfluenced By Any Foreign Movements Or Ideas. Disregard Ing The Analogous Combinations Among Jour Neymen During The Middle Ages, Which In Eng Land Seem To Have Been Usually Intermittent And Temporary, And Also The ...
34 The Labor Movement
34. The Labor Movement In Politics. Thegreatest Politician Of The Last Century, W. E. Gladstone, Writing In 1892, Expressed The Opinion That "the Labor Question May Be Said To Have Come Into Public View Simultaneously With The Repeal Of The Combina Tion Laws? That Is About 1825. Accepting This Authority, ...
36 British Factory Legisla
36. British Factory Legisla Tion. In The Year 1784 There Raged At Rad Cliffe, Near Manchester, An Epidemic Fever In The Cotton Spinning Works, Where Long Hours Of Labor And A Total Absence Of Sanitation Had Undermined The Strength Of The Juvenile Opera Tives. The Conditions Of Work In The ...
37 The Church Of
37. The Church Of England. It Is Difficult To Define The Characteristics Of The Church Of England So As To Enable An Outsider To Understand It. In Much That Concerns Its External Form And Traditions It Is Probably The Most Mediaeval Institution In Europe. In Much That Concerns Its Religious ...
38 English Nonconformity
38. English Nonconformity. Early History Death Of Queen Elizabeth. Nonconformity As A, Definite Ecclesiastical Movement In English History May Be Said To Have Had Its Origin In Elizabeth's Reign. But Regarded As A Spiritual Force Appearing Now And Again And Here And There In The Nation, It May ...
39 English Roman Catholics
39. English Roman Catholics. The Roman Catholic Church In Eng Land Is Descended From Those Who In The Reign Of Elizabeth Refused To Accept The Reformation (q.v.) And Remained In Communion With The See Of Rome. Nearly All The English Bishops Were Included In This Number And Were Deprived Of ...
4 The Reformation In
4. The Reformation In Eng Land. There Are Three Main Factors In The Reformation. It Represents, First, The Conflict Of The Growing Spirit Of Nationality, Symbolized By The State, With The Mediaeval Idea Of The Unity Of The Civilized World, Expressed Especially In The Catholicism Of The Visible Church. Sec ...
40 English Judaism
40. English Judaism. Historical Though The Statements As To The Presence Of Jews In Roman And Saxon Eng Land Are More Or Less Legendary, It Is Tolerably Certain That William I Brought A Number Of Jews With Him From Rouen To England. Under The Normans, The Jews Enjoyed Some Privileges; ...