The Parthenon, with its superb Doric peri style-8 columns in the end facade, 17 in side elevation — and its two internal colonnades of the same order in two stories superposed, represents the culmination of plastic art in this great age. Measuring over 200 by 100 feet on the ground, with massive columns 36 feet high built of purest white marble and brilliant wild; red, blue and gold in its upper parts (see POLY it was adorned with sculpture of con summate beauty by Phidias (q.v.) and sculp tors under him, and even in ruins to-day of fers a model of unsurpassed perfection of pro portion and execution, while the Propylaea and the two Ionic temples near it were inferior, if at all, only to the Parthenon in beauty. They testify to the exaltation of the Hellenic spirit after the Persian wars.
III. The Alexandrian From 400 B.C. to the Macedonian dominion of Alexander (in 330 a.c.) there was a lull in architectural activity. That dominion brought about a re vival characterized by splendor and elabora tion in place of the earlier reserve and refine ment. The Corinthinian column began to be used, more slender and richer in ornament than the Ionic, of which, however, it was really a variant rather than a new style. Magnificent temples were erected, especially in Asia Minor, including two of colossal size — that of Apollo at Didyme near Miletus, and the famous tem ple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus, measur mg 342 by 163 feet, one of the "wonders of the world," with sculptured columns. The tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus (the Mausoleum) was another marvelous edifice; these were all three of the Ionic order. The Corinthian ap peared in smaller structures, as in the tholos or well-house of JEsculapius at Epidaurus, Doric externally, Corinthian internally; and in the tiny choragic monument of Lysicrates at Athens. From the 3d century B.C. we have the Ionic Propylea at Priene and two Corinthian gateways at Elensis; and in the following cen tury the great Ionic altar at Pergamon.
Shortly after this the colossal temple of Zeus at Athens was begun in the Corinthian order by a Roman architect, Cossutius, but was not completed until 300 years later under Hadrian, who built also the first arched gateway in Athens and several colonnades. In Asia Minor and in Macedonia a number of temples, gates and theatres were built under the Roman do minion in a style rightly called Greco-Roman.
Secular were few; the Greek theatre can hardly be called a work of architecture. (See THEATRE). A few colon nades, city gates and walls, the arsenal at the Piraeus, and remains of houses of great sim plicity, and finally the 'Tower of the Winds' — really a clepsydra or water clock—at Athens, make up the list, unless we class as secular the treasure-houses of the different cities at Delphi, Delos and Olympia, and a few tombs at Xanthus, Mylassa, Antiphellos, etc. At Athens, however, are a number of modem buildings in the Doric and Ionic style, possess ing much merit, e.g., the Academy, Museum, Zappeion, etc. The ruins of the Odeum of Herodes Atticus at Athens are Roman rather than Greek.
Bibliography.— The 'Antiquities of Ath ens> by Stuart and Revett, first published in London in 1762, has appeared in many edi tions in various languages. Consult Anderson, W. J., and Spiers, R. P., 'Architecture of Greece and Rome' (London 1907) ; Goodyear, W. H., 'Greek Refinements' (New Haven 1913) ; Marquand, A., (Greek Architecture' (New York 1909) ; d'Ooge, M. L.,
A. D. F. HAmutt, Professor of Architecture, Columbia Univer sity.