HANFSTANGL, Franz, flints hanr stengl, German lithographer: b. Rain, Germany, 1804; d. 1877. He studied art at the Munich Academy, and in 1826 went to Dresden where he began his series of lithographic copies of pictures in the Dresden Gallery, which he com pleted in 1852. He later returned to Munich, leaving his establishment at Dresden to his brothers Hans and Max. During the latter part of his life he devoted himself to photography and kindred processes. His son Edgar suc ceeded him in the business in 1868. The im portant periodical Die Kunst unserer Zeit is published by his firm.
• hingschou, China, the capital of the province of Che-kiang, on a plain at the southern terminus of the Imperial Canal, and within two miles of the head of the estuary of the Tsien-tang River, about 50 miles from the open sea, and nearly 100 miles southwest of Shanghai. It is a strongly fortified city of oblong form, surrounded with high well-built walls about 12 miles in circuit, enclosing many large vacant spaces. The streets are paved and moderately clean, and there are numerous triumphal arches, monuments to great men and gorgeous Buddhist temples. The stores and warehouses are noted for their size and the quantity and quality of the goods displayed. More than 100,000 persons are employed in silk manufactures, and among other industries are the weaving of cotton, manufacture of tapes tries, carving in ivory, the making of lacquered ware, fans and screens. etc. The houses gen erally are one story high. A large portion of the inhabitants reside in the suburbs. and in boats on the waters around them. The gov ernor-general of Chekiang and Fe-kien resides in this city, and also the governor of the province. With their courts and troops, in addi
tion to the great trade passing through, and its activity as a centre of literary and ecclesiastical life, Hang-Chow is one of the most important and richest cities in China. The river, opposite the city, is about four miles broad at high water, and is crowded with vessels of all de scriptions, being the channel by which vast quantities of merchandise are received from and exported to the southern provinces. The extensive lake of Si-hou, "West Lake,* close by the city, is celebrated for its natural and arti ficial beauties. Chapu, the seaport of Hang Chow, is 20 miles down the river. Hang-Chow is the celebrated •Kinsai or Kinsay° of Marco Polo —the capital, in his time, of southern China. No chapter in Marco Polo's narrative is of greater interest than the pages devoted to this city, which appears to have been then to the Chinese what New York is now to Ameri cans. It was captured by the Taiping rebels in 1861, and deserted by all its rich or respect able inhabitants. A disciplined force of Chi nese, under the command of French officers, united with the Imperialist troops, recaptured the city on 31 March 1864. By the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) it was opened to foreign trade the following year; and a district of about 300 acres has been set apart for a foreign settle ment, but Shanghai sustains to it the relation of agent or middleman, receiving both exports and imports — to be either distributed through out the world or merely forwarded to Hang chow consignees. Pop. 600,000.