HUNEKER, James Gibbons, American musical and dramatic critic: b. Philadelphia, 31 Jan. 1860. In Paris he was a pupil of Barili, Ritter and Dontrcleau, and subsequently became an instructor in piano at the National Conservatory of New York. He was musical and dramatic critic of the New York Recorder in 1891-95, and of the Morning Advertiser in 1895-97. Subsequently he was musical editor, and from 1902 dramatic editor of the New York Sun. Among early writings which at tracted wide attention are (Mezzotints in Mod ern Music,' essays (1899) ; 'Chopin, as Man and Musician> (1900) ; an interesting study; 'Melomaniacs> (1902), clever but often extrav agant stories satirizing the musical profession. His later works include
HUNG Chinese rebel: b. Hua, Kungtung, 1812; d. 1864. After a youth spent in desultory studies, including the doctrines of Christianity, he took up the oc cupation of a fortune-teller; and ere long joined the Society of God, organized by Chu Chiu-t'ao, of which he rose to be the head, one of his chief associates being Yang Hsiu-ch'ing. In 1836 he started, on the borders of Kuangtung and Kuangsi, a sect of professing Christians, and set to work to collect followers, styling himself the Brother of Christ. In July 1850
he headed a rising in the district of Kuet-p`ing, and made his way, plundering and ravaging, as far as Yung-an. He then adopted the term ((Heavenly Dynasty of Perfect Peace" (Taiping Kwoh), styling himself the Heavenly King; and working his way northward in 1853, he captured Wu-ch'ang and all the other cities on the Yang-tsze down to An-ch'ing. On 11 March 1853 he took Nanking; and with that city as his headquarters he succeeded in capturing over 600 other cities in no less than 16 out of the 18 provinces. There he remained until 1864, when the Imperial forces under Tseng Kuo-fan closed around him and the fall of the city was imminent. On 30 June, seeing that all was lost, he took poison, his body being subsequently found and burned. On 19 July Nanking was taken by assault, and one of the greatest rebel lions the world has ever seen was at an end. From the fact that the T'ai-p'ings ceased to shave the head and wear a queue according to the Manchu fashion, they also came to be known as the Long-haired Rebels. Consult Brine.