In the fourth period, Philip Jakob Spener and August Hermann Francke were the leaders among the Pietists in hymn-writing. The son in-law of Francke, Johann A. Freylinghausen, is said to have produced the best hymn book of the movement. The list of Pietist hymn com posers is a long one. In the Moravian move ment Nicolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf was the author of 2,000 hymns. Of these 203 have been translated into the English language, largely by John Wesley, Mrs. Charles and Miss Jane Borthwick. The Count's second son was also a hymn composer. August Gottlieb Span genburg, who resided in America for many years, composed three noteworthy hymns.
The German Reformed Church produced Joachim Neander, Friedrich Adolf Lampe and Gerhard Tersteegn, writers of hymns of the first rank.
In the fifth period, Christian F. Gellert, Friedrich Gottlob Klopstock (called the Ger man Milton), J. C. Lavater, Matthias Jorissen and Matthias Claudius were the chief hymn writers.
In the modern period there is a long list of writers of note% including Ernest Moritz Arndt, the Krummachers, father and son, Friedrich Riickert, Albert Knapp, C. G. Barth, Johann Peter Lange, K. J. P. Spitta and Karl Gerok.
French hymnody received a contribution from Jean Racine, and his four paraphrases are still in use. Some portions of the poems of the poet Pierre Corneille have been used as hymns. Fenelon composed a few hymns. Madame Giuyon composed nearly 900 pieces which were set to the music of popular tunes of the day. The Huguenots produced nine small books of Chansons, 1532-97. A selection from these was published by Henri Bordier in Paris, 1871.
John Calvin wrote a few hymns. The psalter of Clement Marot and Beza's psalter were used in the Reformed Church until 1705, when a supplement containing a few hymns by Benedict Pictet was added. Caesar Malan (1787 1864) was the greatest of all the French hymn writers. He compiled
Scandinavian hymn-writing dates from the introduction of Lutheranism. Two brothers,
Olaf and Lars Petersen, were the first leaders. Olaf had been a pupil of Luther and Melanc thon at Wittemburg. Two other brothers, Lawrence and Peter Anderson, were the next noteworthy hymn-writers. The first hymnary of Norway and Denmark was published at Malmo in 1528 by Claus Martensen Tonde binder; Thomas Kingo, a poet of ability re vised it. Gruntvig, the great Danish scholar, exercised a profound influence on the char acter of Danish hymnology, giving it a more spiritual trend.
Ireland does not possess a distinctive hymnody of its own. Wales is a land of song and has produced some noteworthy hymns. In Scotland the early history of hymnology deals almost entirely with metrical versions of the Psalms. The earliest version is sometimes known as the Psalmes,' 1578. The first edition may have been published before the year 1546. The first Scottish Psalter prop erly so called was issued in 1564. Some of the versions were made by the Scottish and other exiles in Geneva. The Westminster As sembly authorized a new edition which was published in 1650. Later the General Assembly, not satisfied with the Westminster version, au thorized other psalters and paraphrases. (The Scottish Psalter' was prepared by a com mittee and sanctioned by the General Assem bly. The Baptists, Congregationalists, United Presbyterians, Free Church, and Scottish Epis copal Church have each issued a series of hymnals.
The hymnody of England, as in Scotland, had at the beginning only versions of the Psalms. Thomas Sternhold, who was groom of the robes to Henry VIII, was scandalized at the songs sung at court, and that something better might be sung translated 51 Psalms into English metre. The first published edition con tains 19 Psalms. A second edition published n 1549 contained 37. The third edition of 1551 included seven additional versions by John Hopkins, and henceforth it was called hold's and Hopkins' Psalms.' Next followed the Psalter' of 1558, mentioned above. In 1562 (The Complete Psalter' of Sternhold and Hopkins was published by John Daye. It influenced largely the worship and hymnology of England for a long time. A new version by Nicholas Brady and Nahum Tate. appeared in 1695-96. Later many Eng lish writers tried their talents in malting ver sions of the Psalms. Julian lists 326 distinct versions.