The fauna of the islands north of the Tsu garu Strait is of a different character, as is also the flora. The black fox (Canis alpinus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), the marten (Mustela brachyura), the brown bear (Ursus arctos), and the leopard seal (Phoca fcetida) are common in this zone. The fur seal (Cal lorhinus ursinus), which migrates in winter to the sea off Choshi or the Tsushima Strait, breeds in summer on the rocky shores of the Chishima (Kuriles) and the Robben Island off Cape Patience in Karafuto. The gray-headed green woodpecker (Gecinus canes), the great black woodpecker (Picus martins), Blackis ton's eagle owl (Bubo blackistonii), and the hazel grouse (Tetrao bonasia) are also peculiar species. The Tsugaru Strait, though only 10 miles wide, most clearly divides the islands of Japan into two zones. This fact was first an nounced by Blackiston of Hakodate, in whose honor the boundary is called 931ackiston's line?) In high mountains such as are found in Taiwan and central Honshu, alpine species are often observed. The most remarkable of these are the common ptarmigan (Tetrao mutus), and Japanese alpine accentor (Accentor nus. erythropygius).
The fishes in the seas of Taiwan are very similar to those in the seas pf the Malay Archi pelago, India and eastern Africa. IcSabahip (Chanos khans) are bred in large num bers in ponds on the west coast of the island. In the seas around the three central islands, there are many peculiar species, although some resemble those of the Chinese and Indian seas. Bonito (Thynnus pelamys), Tunny (Thynnus thynnus), the Spanish mackerel (Scomber colias), the snapper (Pagrus major), the sar dine (Clupea melanostica), and the anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) are economically most important. The seas of Hokkaido and Kara futo, and a greater part of the Sea of Japan contain fishes of a subarctic nature; and the species found there are often similar to those of North America and occasionally to those of northern Europe. The herring (Clupea pal lasii), the cod (Gadus 'brandtii), and the dog salmon (Onchorhychus keta) are economically most important. *Aye(Plecoglossus altivelis) and "Shirauwo) (Salanx) are fishes character istic of Japan and Korea. The viviparous surf-fishes (Ditrema) and (Hypome sus) are confined to Japan and North America.
(Chlamydoselachus anguineus) often caught off the Tokio Bay, being a primitive shark, is famous throughout the whole world. The culture of the pearl oyster (Avicula mar tensii), and the artificial method of depositing i pearls in the shells which is practised at Shima on the coast of the Sea of Ise, are worthy of notice.
Bibliography.— Topographical and Descrip tive: 'A Sketch of the Geography of the Em pire of Japan) (in 'Chinese and Japanese Re pository,) Vol. III, London 1865) ; 'Ni-hon chi shi nyaku,' a short sketch of the geography of Japan, published by the Department of Educa tion (Tokio 1874); Browne, 'Japan, the Place and the People' (Boston 1904) ; Chamberlain and Mason, 'Handbook for Travellers in Japan' (London 1903) • Clement, 'Handbook of Mod ern Japan) (Chicago1903); Guerville, 'Au ri Japon) (Pas 1904 ; Griffis, 'The Mikado's Empire) (rev. ed., )Jew York 1906); Geerts, A. J. C. 'Les produits de la Nature japonaise et chinoise' (Yokohama 1878) ; Kotora Jimbo, 'Notes on the Minerals of Japan' (in Journal of the College of Science of the Imperial Uni versity of Japan, Vol. VII, Tokio 1899) • Mac Cauley, 'The Japanese Landscape' (in Trans actions of Asiatic Society of Japan, Vol. XXIII, Yokohama 1895) ; Metchnikoff, L.,
japonais> (Geneva 1881); Rein, J. J.,
Flora and Fauna: Adams, of a Naturalist in Japan' (London 1870) ; Blaki ston and Pryer, (Catalogue of the Birds of Japan' (in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 1880); Conder, Garden ing in Japan' (London 1894), and (Floral Art of Japan' (London 1900); Franchet and Sava tier, plantarum in Japania sponte crescentium) (2 vols., Paris 1875-79) • Piggott, Garden of Japan> (London 1892); Sar ent, C. S., on the Forest Flora of Japan (Boston 1894) ; Sedbohm, of the apanese Empire' (London 1890) ; Temminck and Schlegel, Wallace, Life.'