H. The Greeks.— The Hellenic colonies of Sicily and Italy also deserve a special article, but they also are well known and are discussed in all manuals of ancient history, of art and of Greek civilization. The oldest colony apptars to be Cumm, which furnishes a geometric pot tery more archaic than that of Sicily and in the foundation of which city the part taken by Kyme is confirmed.
The Greeks, as has been seen, occupied a place already inhabited by an indigenous popu lation, as was also the practise of the Etrus cans, and they organized it into the form of a city. Comm has furnished precious archxolog ical material, which is now mostly collected in the National Museum at Naples and which is still largely unpublished.
For the Greek colonies of ,Sicily we have exhaustive 'works, due in large part to the activity of Orsi. After the volume of Cavallari and Holm on Syracuse, our knowledge of the necropoli of that city and of their material has been greatly augmented by the numerous researches of which Orsi has given an account in degli Scavi.' On Megara Hyblma we have a very good and complete study by Cavallari and Orsi and others by Orsi about Kamarina (in dei Lincei'). But the other Sicilian colonies have been little studied; likewise the Italiote colonies, except now Ta ranto, which also was neglected for a long time. Among the most important monuments left by the Greeks of Italy and Sicily are without doubt the temples. Peculiar to southern Italy is the abundant production of decorated pot tery, born under the Greek influence, but de veloped in large part in Italic cities or accord ing to local spirit. Consult the writer's mono graph on antica nell' Italia meridi osaale,' of which Mr. Walters has given a good summary in his 'History of Ancient Pottery.' I. The Gauls.— The Gauls have been met with by the students of the Transpadana, of Venice, and of /Emilia and Picenum. But their implements, of which there are scanty re mains, are not at all beautiful and are very little studied. We will mention only the works of Bianchetti on the sepultures of Ornavasso, of Castelfranco and of Brizio on various necropoli of Lombardy and of the provinces of Bologna and Ancona.
J. The Romans.—In unifying Italy, the Romans unified also its civilization and its products. The great artistic character of the monuments in which the Romans developed the national elements, inherited from the Etrus cans, also taking up Greek elements, passed beyond the confines of Italy. These arts are above all architecture, historic and iconographic sculpture, mural and decorative painting (into which was transferred much of Greek and Hellenistic art), and mosaics, of a more spe cifically Alexandrine derivation, but to which, nevertheless, Roman artificers knew how to give an individual development and character. In their archaeological material we can distin tinguish diversity of province and of fabric, but no longer different civilization and peoples.
A large part of our knowledge of the inti mate life of the best Roman period is derived from Pompeii (q..v.), which, buried by an erup tion of Vesuvius in i9 A.D., has preserved better than any other source the little implements of daily use, the circumstances surrounding their use and their • application. A special article would be necessary to treat of Pompeii, but the place is so well known that a mere mention will be sufficient in this summary. A special importance attaches also to the topography and history of the city which was the great crucible in which were fused and from which were dif fused all the elements which constituted Roman civilization. The most important of the finds recently made in the Forum are the pre Romulean necropolis and the now celebrated stele with the inscription in which, after much hesitation and contradiction, a lex regia is now generally recognized.
K. The archaeology of Sardinia deserves a separate treatment on account of its special character.
Traces of the Palaeolithic Age have not yet been discovered in Sardinia. The neolithic period is connected with the civilization of the western basin of the Mediterranean, hence with the Sicilian and with that of the Italian Penin sula; likewise the eneolithic period to which must be attributed the donna de jams analo gous to the oven grottoes of Sicily. An exca vation recently completed by Taramelli at Anghelu Ruju, near Alghero (consult Notizie degli Scavi, 1904), not only shows us much better than before that period of prehistoric Sardinian archzology, but proves to us that the Sardinian eneolithic period is superior to the Sicilian, as regards its greater antiquity, the more notable progress and richness of its local industries, and its development of funeral ar chitecture. It proves besides that the beautiful pottery of chalcolithic Sardinia is very closely connected with that of the megalithic moan meets of France and Spain, without having any relationship to that of Sicily, which with its singular and wild ornamentation in two colors always remains more isolated and stands out as a distinct ethical individuality, taking the word in its historical rather than anthro pological sense, because the race is the same. At the end of this epqch begins the civilization of the wall period (niiraphes) and of the °tombs of the giants," so typical of Sardinia and lasting without doubt many centuries, to come to a close at the time of the most ancient Phoenician colonization of the island. The more recent researches confirmed the opinion that the numerous and imposing Sardinian walls (niiraghes), which are not tombs, are for tified houses, often erected to guard passages which of themselves would attest to a period of greatness and power.
The discovery at Haghia Triada in Crete of large bronze tablets like those found some time ago in Sardinia at Serra Ilixi (comp. Bull. di paletn. 1904), gives occasion to mention the good services of the Italian mission in Crete to which are due noteworthy discoveries and full illustrations of them.
A worthy but hasty synopsis is the work of Pinza, (Monurnenti primitivi della Sardegna,' the conclusions of which should be corrected in the light of more recent discoveries.
But Sardinian does not assume an individual aspect merely during the prehis toric age; it stands apart from that of Italy, even in the most ancient phases of the histor ical period. The superior and more advanced civilization of the Orient, the literary culture, are not represented either by the Etruscans or the Greeks, but by the Phcrnicians; who did not put foot on the Italian Peninsula and man aged to maintain themselves in opposition to the Greeks in •a part of Sicily, although they certainly did not represent the preponderating element. The study of Sardinian Phmnician antiquity was neglected for a long time. In the year that the writer directed the excavations, he carried on researches on the site of the city of Nora, completing the data gathered by others, and gave the results of his studies in a mono graph published in Volume XIV of the (Monu menti dei Lincei.' In that he has tried to prove that the first colonization of Sardinia goes back to the eastern Phoenicians, and not to the Carthaginians, and, both by analyzing the con nections with preceding, contemporary and subsequent civilizations, and by studying the primitive elements of Semitic culture and reli gion, he hopes to have established the basis for a historical synopsis of the Sardinian antiquity on a higher plane than any yet attempted.