The Araucanian stock, whose language has been studied by Lenz, famous for their long resistance to the Spanish (the story of the "conquest') has been written by Guevara), part of which gave rise to De Ercilla's epic of 'La Ataucana) (q.v.). T6 the Araucanian stock belong tribes on both sides of the Chilean Andes and a number of the nomadic peoples of the Pampas, where they seem to be intruders rather than aborigines. Chilean Spanish has borrowed many expressive terms from Araucanian.
The Patagonians, Tzonek, or Tehuelche, have been famous since the time of Pigafetta as (many of them exceed six feet and some are said to reach seven). To them be= longs the "Setebos* of Shakespeare's The Tapuyan stock of Brazil is looked upon by some authorities as the oldest people' of the continent — some would affiliate with them the Fuegians, in this respect—representing a race once inhabiting a great part of South America. The man of the caves of Lagoa Santa and the man of the remarkable sambaquis or shell-heaps of the Brazilian coast are by many authorities considered to have been related to the Tapu yans. Characteristic modern Tapuyans are the Botocudos, so 'called from the labret they wear in the lower lip. According to Ehrenreich, some of these ancient men of Brazil show af finities with prehistoric man of eastern Europe.
The Tupian stock (or Tupi-Guaranis, as they are also called), whose language was much used by the missionaries for general intercOurse with the natives and is the basis of the ligoa geral, or "common language* of the region of the Amazons, was perhaps the highest in culture of the Brazilian tribes, having the elements of agriculture, village life, pottery (well developed and rather artistic), urn-burial, etc., but nothing beyond the Stone Age. Intermixture with both whites and negroes has taken place in the Tupi area, and the rich and imaginative tales of animals, etc., belonging to Tupi mythology have thus been given a wider extension, while negro and white influences have made themselves felt.
both on the language and the literature of these people. According to Hartt, the Tupi language has influenced the Portuguese of Brazil quite as much as has the latter the former. Tupi Guarani speech' has furnished to the various European tongues a considerable number of words—to English, ipecacuanha, jaguar, tapioca, tapir, toucan, etc.
The Cariban stock were long famous for their cannibalism (the word cannibal is a cor ruption of one of their ethnic names), real and attributive, and their skill in making and using canoes. The shaman, or medicine-man, had
great power among them, and they practised the curious and remarkable custom of the couvade. Rock-inscriptions and pile-dwellings are found In their territory. Some of them have been reduced to sad straits by the contact of the whites, but some' of the Venezuelan tribes of this stock are still good, typical representatives of the American Indian.
The Arawakan stock, through its representa fives (the Bahamian Lucayans, the natives of Haiti, Porto Rico, Cuba, etc.), was the first of the aboriginal peoples of the New World (exclusive of Greenland and Labrador) to come into contact with the white race, and likewise the first to come under its devastating influence. Many of the tribes of this stock were of a mild and gentle disposition, good agriculturalists, pottery-makers, workers in stone, wood and gold, and excellent canoe-men (the word canoe comes from an Arawak dialect). They were users of cotton, and to them we owe the first Indian invention adopted by the whites (ham mock, both name and thing are Arawak). From the Arawaks, too, the Spaniards first learned the use of tobacco. Like the Caribs they practised the couvade. The name of the stock is said to mean "flour-eaters," on account of their use of cassava, which has also passed over to the white. The Arawak and Carib stocks have furnished to English and to the Other civilized languages of Europe a large number of important words, the exact ethnic distribution of which is not easy to determine with exactness: Agouti, anotto (and French roucouyenne), barbecue, cacique, caiman, cannibal, canoe, cassava, colibri, hammock, hurricane, iguana, macaw, maize, manna, potato, tobacco, etc. And with these names has gone the use of many of the things indicated and made known for the first time to Europeans. The debt of the Spanish and Portu guese settlers of South America and the West Indies is in these respects Very great, for, nat wall?' new fruits, plants, trees, etc., and many of their products came to be known by their aboriginal names or by corruptions of them. Thus a number of °balms* and °balsams( and other medicinal products retain in the pharma copoeia names of American Indian origin — copaiba, tofu, etc. Timber-trees; ornamental and dye-woods, have also largely kept their native appellations throughout Central and South America — the list would run into the hundreds. Large also is the catalogue Of birds and other animals bearing Indian names.