3. Chapters xxviii-xxxiii are substantially from Isaiah's hand, and belong chiefly to the time of his later activity. In chap. xxviii, Isaiah's earlier message against Samaria (vss. 1-6, before 722) is reiterated with reasons, in or about 704. In chapters xxix-xxxii we have in several paragraphs a representation of the straits to which Jerusalem was put just before 701 ac., the futility of reliance on Egypt for help, the weakness of the Judean pohticians, the indifference of the women of the capital, the ultimate deliverance of the city, the fall of Assyria, and the coming of the Messianic alp (the latter in three passages, xxx, 18-26; XXXIi, 1-8, 15-20; chap. xxxiii) is supplementary to this, contains a woe upon some power hostile to Jerusalem, and the prediction of Judah's deliv erance. This is probably a post-exilic expan sion of Isaiah's utterances in 701 B.C. The sec tions xxix, 16-24; xxx, 18-26; chap. xxxii, have been assigned by some writers to exilic or post exilic times, and they may contain some ele ments from these periods.
No further prophecies in the book can be assigned with probability to our prophet.
4. Chapters xxxiv-xxxv form a post-exilic prophecy of 450 ac., or later, and treat of Israel's victory over Edom and of the joyful circumstances of Israel's restoration.
5. Chapters xxxvi-xxxix are historical chap ters taken in large measure from 2 Kings. The Isaian passage omits 2 Kings-xviii, 14-16, and introduces the song of Hezekiah (Isa. xxxviii, 9-20) before 2 Kings xx, 12.
6. Chapters xl-lv are a long and developed prophecy, and comprise the great exilic predic tion of about 540 B.C. concerning the return of Israel from Babylonia, through the instrumen tality of Cyrus. Omitting subdivisions, of which there are many, Skinner and others di vide about as follows: Chapters xl-xlviii, the restoration: (1) xl, 1-11, the theme; (2) xl, 12-31, the infinity of God; (3) chap. xli, the historical situation, as it has been brought about by God for his servant Israel; (4) xlii, 1-xliii, 7, the work of Jeho vah's ideal servant (xlii, 1-4) for Israel and the world, and the contrast with the servant Israel as he is; (5) xliii, 8-xliv, 5, the witness of Israel's history to the divinity of Jehovah, and the salvation of Israel and the nations through the divine interposition; (6) xliv, 6-23, the folly of idolatry; (7) xliv, 24-xlv, 25, the mission of Cyrus, the anointed of Jehovah. for Israel and for a world-wide religion; (8) chaps. xlvi, xlvii, the fall of Babylon; (9) chap. xlviii, the dosing argument, and the joyful summons to Israel to depart from Babylon and to de dare to the world their redemption by their God.
Chapters xlix4v, the glorious future of Israel; (1) xlix, 1-13, the mission of the ser vant (vss. 1-6) to the world; (2) xlix, 144, 3, consolation for afflicted Zion; (3) 1, 4-11, the perfection of the servant through. suffering; (4) li, 1-lii, 12, the Israelites encouraged to accept the promises; (5) lii, 13-liii, 12,. the ser vant's sacrificial work and his exaltation; (6) chaps. liv, lv, the felicity of Israel and the gra cious call to accept the promised deliverance.
7. Chapters lvi-lxvi are probably for the most part of post-exilic origin, as they appear to contain detached messages of condemnation and promise to a people living in Palestine. Here there are details concerning the moral, social and religious duties of the people, and worship in the new temple appears to have been established. We divide: (1) lvi, 1-8, the ad
mission of foreigners and eunuchs to the Israelitish community; (2) Ivi,.9-lix, 21, a series of rebukes to several classes, interspersed with promises for fidelity; (3) chaps. lx-lxii, the new Jerusalem; (4) lxiii, 1-6, the divine hero in Edom; (5) lxiii, 7-lxiv, 12, confession of sin; (6) chaps. lxv-lxvi, the contrasted futures of true servants of God and apostates.
The principal idea of Isaiah, besides that of udgment, common to the pro ets, was the de liverance from the foes of erusalem of the remnant of Israel, meditate by .a righteous king. The principal ideas of Isaiah xl-lv are the deliverance of Israel from exile through Cyrus, and the deliverance of the people from sin and the impartation of spiritual graces through the suffering servant of Jehovah. Hope, therefore, is the keynote of this prophecy and comfort is the opening word. In connec tion with the theme, theprophet declares, in turn, after turn of speech, the reliability of God in bringing to pass his promises, the sublime grandeur of the Holy One, his creative power, the absurdity of idolatry. The writer makes it clear that the absolute and sole sovereign in the earth is the God of Israel. In Isaiah lvi-lxvi there is no advance upon these ideas, but many of them are reiterated there.
Bibliography. Besides the appropriate sec tions in Encyclopedias, Old Testament His tories, Old Testament Introductions, Old Testa ment Theologies, works on Old Testament Prophecy and Messianic Prophecy, Dictionaries of the Bible, Histories of Assyria, Babylonia, Persia, Egypt and Syria, the following selected, works may be consulted. For fuller lists the reader is referred to the articles in the Bible Dictionaries, and for the later 'books, to the lists of current literature in 'The Biblical World.' In the present list, works written in other languages and translated into English, are given in the translation only.
1. Calvin (1850) ; Vitringa (1714-20, Latin) ; Lowth (1778) ; Gesenius 0821, German) ; Hitzig (1833, German); Ewald (1876-81); Henderson (1840) Umbreit (1846, German) Drechsler (1851-54, German) ; Alexander (1865); Delitzsch (1892) ; Reuss (1876, French) ; Nigelsbach in 'Lange' (1878) ; Birks (1878) ; Cheyne (1889); von Orelli (1889); G. A. Smith (1888, 1890) Duhm (1892, German); Skinner (1896, 1898); Guthe and Ryssel in (ICautzscIP (1896, German); Mitchell (chaps. i-iii, 1897); Kittel's 'Knobel-Dill mann' (1898, German) ; Marti (1900, German) ; Whitehouse (1905).
2. Other
Driver, 'Isaiah, His Life and Times' (1893) - Davidson, 'Theology of Isaiah xl-lxvi'
1883-84) ; 'The ology of Isaiah' ('Expository Times' 1894); Guthe, 'Das Zukunftsbild des Jes' (1885 ; Giesebrecht,
zu ]es, Kritik' '1890 ; 'Der Knecht Jahves des Deuterojes' (1902 ; Hadcrnann, 'Die Zukunftserwartung des Jes' (1893) ; Cheyne, 'Introduction to Isaiah' (1895), Translation of Isaiah ii, 'Polychrome Bible' (1898); KA3nig, 'The Exiles' Book of Consolation' (1899) Davidson, 'The Servant of the Lord in Isaiah> (in British and Foreign Evangelical Review, 1872); Driver and Neu bauer, 'The 53d of Isaiah according to Jewish Interpreters' (1876, 1877); Wright, 'Pre Christian Jewish Interpretation of Isaiah LIIP (Expositor, May 1888) ; Lane, 'Die Ebed-Jahwe Lieder'(1898) ; Bertholet,