Jacobites

JACOBITES, a party in Great Britain (so styled from Lat Jacobus, James), who after the revolution in 1688 continued to be the adherents of the dethroned King James 1.1, his descendants and, after the death of the last male representative (Cardinal York) .in 1807 of the descendants of Charles I. Its ,members were chiefly, though not exchisively, Roman Catholics, its strongholds were Northumber land, North Wales and the Scottish Highlands.

In Ireland they were soon put down by con quest. In England the revolution accom plished with the apparent consent of all parties ,• but in a year or two the Jacobite party gained considerable influence and continued to disturb the government of William throughout his reign. After the accession of Anne and the death of James their efforts slackened for a time; but toward the close of her reign they revived. Bolingbroke and Oxford, with others of the Tory ministers of Anne, were in treaty with the son of James II, and either really or pretendedly negotiated for a restoration. On the arrival of George I in 1715 a rebellion broke out in Scotland, supported by a more insignificant rising in the north of England. The failure of both these movements dampened the enthusiasm of the English Jacobites, but in Scotland the party maintained its influence until the unsuc cessful rebellion of 1745 put an end to its polit ical importance, though some ultra-Jacobites did not think themselves justified in transferring their allegiance to the house of Brunswick till the death of Cardinal York in 1807. Even after that date sentimental Jacobitism had a certain amount of hold on a small group of people. It found expression in the formation of Jacobite societies, such as the °Cycle of the White Rose* in Wales, °John Shaw's Club* in Manchester and the °Order of the White Rose* with branches in England and the United States, the °Legitimist Jacobite League of Great Britain and Ireland," the °Thames Valley Legitimist Club,* etc. Members of these associations con sider the present British dynasty as usurpers and claim that the rightful occupant of the British throne is Marie Therese of Modena, now wife of Louis III, king of Bavaria, great great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Hen. rietta of Orleans,' of Charles I. The hopes and wishes of the Scottish Jacobites found expression in many beautiful songs, which form an interesting feature of the na tional literature. These may be found in the following collections: Grosart, A. B., ed., 'Eng lish Jacobite Ballads' (Manchester 1877) ; Hogg, J., ed., 'The Jacobite Relics of Scotland' (Paisley 1874) ; Mackey, C., ed., 'Jacobite Songs and Ballads, etc.) (London 1861) ; Macquoid, G. S., ed., 'Jacobite Songs and (Lon don 1887). Many, incidents in the history of

the Jacobite party form the background of his torical novels. The most important of these are Scott, Sir Walter, (1814) ; id., 'The Black Dwarf' (1816) ; id., 'Rob Roy' (1817) • Stevenson, R. L., 'David Balfour' (2 vols., 1886-92) • id., 'The Master of lAllantrae) (188;9) ; Thackeray, W. 14•., History of Henry (1852). An exhaustive list of the fictional treatment of Jabobitism will be found in Baker, A. E., 'A Guide to Historical Fiction' (London 1914). There is a vast litera ture on the subject which includes the large' numbers of histories of famous Scottish families. Of other works on the subject consult Allar dyce, J., ed., 'Historical Papers Relating to the Jacobite Period, 1690-1750' (Aberdeen 1895 96) ; Belmont, W., 'Jacobite Trials at Manches ter in 1694' (in Chetham Society, Vol. XXVIII, Manchester 1854) ; Blaikie, W. B., 'An Itinerary of Prince Charles Edward Stuart) (Edinburgh 1897); id., 'Origins of the '45, (Edinburgh 1916) ; Carmichael, A., 'Some Unrecorded In cidents of the Jacobite (in Celtic Re view,, Vol. VI, pp. 278, 334, Edinburgh 1910) ; Forbes, J. M., 'Jacobite Gleanings' (Edinburgh 1903) ; Francillon, R. E., 'Underground Ja cobitisni> (in Monthly Review, London 1905) ; Gilbert,. T., ed., 'Jacobite Narrative of the War in Ireland, 1688-91) (llublln 1892) ; Grew, E. S. and M. S., 'The English Court in Exile' (London 1911) ; Hadden, J. C., 'Prince Charles Edward ^ (London 1913) ; Hale, E., ames Francis Stuart, the Old Chevalier) (Lon (on 1907) ; Head, F. \V., Fallen (Cambridge 1901) ; Jesse,• J. H., 'Memoirs of the Pretenders and their Adherents' (2 vols., London 1845) ; Klose, C. L., 'Memoir of Prince Charles Stuart, etc.' (2 vols., London 1845) ; Lang, A., 'Pickle the Spy, or the Incognito of Prince Charles' (London 1897) ; Mahon, Lord, 'The Forty-Fiye) (London 1852) ; Murdoch, W. G. B. Spirit of Jacobite Loyalty) (Edinburgh 1907) Power, W., 'Prince Charlie) (London 1912) ; Fiay, Compleat History of the Rebellion> (York 1749) ; Rose, D. M., ed., 'Prince Charlie's Friends, or Jacobite dictments) (Aberdeen 1.896); Ruvigny, Marquis de, 'The Jacobite Peerage, (Edinburgh 1904) • Terry, C. S., 'The Rising of 1745) (Lon don 1900) ; id., ed., 'The Chevalier de Saint and the Jacobite Movements in his Favour, 1701-20> (London 1915) ; Thomson, Mrs„ 'Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745' (3 vols., London 1845-46) ; Thomson, J. P., 'The Jacobite Rebellions 1689-1746) (Lon don 1914) ; Tulloch, A. B., 'The Forty-Five) (Inverness 1896) ; Vaughan, H. M., 'The Last of the Royal Stuarts' (London 1906) ; White, S. D., 'Revival of Jacobitism) (in Westminster Review, Vol. CXLVI, p. 417, London 1896).