JAPANESE STUDENTS IN AMER ICA. In the latter days of her hermitage, un der the laws of exclusion and inclusion, for mulated by Iyeyasu (q.v.), far-sighted Japan ese urged the importation of foreign experts and the sending of young men to study abroad. In 1861, six were dispatched to Holland to mas ter modern naval science. They returned to Japan in 1866 in a warship built at Amsterdam. Of these, Akamatsu and Enomoto rose to be admirals in the Japanese navy. Yokoi Heishiro sent to America his two nephews Ise and Numagawa in 1866 and a youth from Fu kui, named Kusalcabe. Another party of nearly a dozen lads from Satsuma had got away se cretly and some of these were for a time with Thomas Lake Harris, in his settlement on Lake Erie; but all went sooner or later to New Brunswick, N. J., and into the grammar school or Rutger's College. Immediately on the forma tion of the new Imperial Government in 1868, Dr. Guido F. Verbeck, an American missionary at Nagasaki, who for eight years had urged the matter, went to Kioto and interested high officers in the enterprise, and scores of prom ising young Japanese were sent abroad. Re porting first to Rev. John Mason Ferris in New York, their adviser, they scattered into other institutions, in order to learn English more rap idly. Within a decade, they were found in al most all the Northern States. Since 1866 the stream of these passionate pilgrims has been continuous, and with the war in Europe the ac tual and relative number in the United States after 1914 became larger than ever. Of these students, the majority now come at their own expense, or are sent by relatives, yet the Im perial Department of Education selects and sends regularly special students, most of whom now being previously either professors or gradu ates of the higher schools in Japan. From very incomplete but suggestive records since 1866, it seems that the overwhelming majority of these seekers after knowledge subsequent to their re turn home turn out well. Fully one-half fulfil careers above the average of the stay-at-homes. Probably 90 per cent of those coming pursue studies in the physical sciences and useful arts; others in law, history, ethics or political theory; a still smaller but influential minority take courses in the language and literature or at tend the theological seminaries. Over 30 are
known as professors, instructors or trained as sistants in American colleges or in bureaus of research. In the earlier years of this movement not a few inquirers went back more in love with Oriental civilization than before. Many fell victims to climate, overstudy or lack of harmony with their new environment. Soon, however, that elastic power of adaptation, which is part of the national genius, asserted itself. In both physical and mental health and in ac ceptance of Occidental ideas, these students now go back to hasten that union and recon ciliation between the Orient and Occident that must make for the mutually advantageous bene fit of the whole world and race. It is probably a moderate estimate that places the number of the Japanese students in America since 1866, who sought the higher institutions in prepara tion for professional leadership at home, at not less than 20,000. Nor is this interest in educa tion confined to the male sex. In 1872 six girls were sent to America two graduating at Vas sar and one at Bryn It who were later very influential in Japan; one being the Marchioness Oyama (q.v.), another the Baroness Uryu and a third, Miss lime Tsuda, who has made a remarkable record as educator of women. She has been the soul of the move ment which resulted in the opening of the Woman's Christian University in Tokio, 25 March 1918. Of the first school for girls, under government auspices, in Tokio, 1872, Miss Mar garet C. Griffiths was the principal. After its evolution into the Tokio Female Normal School and the Peeress's School, several score Japan ese girls have studied or graduated from Amer ican women's colleges. The Japanese Student, a periodical which covers the interests of this class, is published in Chicago.
Bibliography.— Lanman,