JAURES, Jean Leon, Alin 16-66 zho-ra, French Socialist: b. Castres, 3 Sept. 1859; d. Paris, 31 July 1914. He taught in Albi and Toulouse, and in 1885 entered politics and was elected to the Chamber of Deputies from Tarn; at this time he was a moderate Republican. In 1889 he failed of re-election, and returned to Toulouse, where he was active in the establish ing of a college of medicine. Becoming a So cialist, he defended the strikers at Carmaux, and in 1893 was again elected to the Chamber, where he became one of the leaders of the So cialists. He failed of re-election in 1898, but was again elected in 1902. When the Socialist Millerand accepted a position in the Cabinet, Jaures defended. his action, thus opposing Guesde and the Parti Ouvrier, but sought at the same time to reconcile the factions. He also took an important part in obtaining a revision of the Dreyfus case. He stood out as a cham pion of the workmen in the great strike of 1910. At a Socialist conference in Brussels in the summer of 1914 he made a strong attack on militarism, and declared himself in favor of an international strike for the prevention of war— an attitude which subjected him to severe criti cism, and was directly the cause of his assassi nation by shooting at the hands of a half-de mented man outside a café in Paris. He was one of the greatest leaders of French Socialism, and probably the greatest orator in the Cham ber of Deputies. He founded L'Huntanite in 1904, and contributed six of the 12 volumes of the 'Histoire Socialist& (1904-08).
JAVA, (native, Siti-Java or Yava, land of millet), an island of Dutch East India; situated between lat. 5° 52' (Saint Nicholas Point), and 8° 50' (South Cape) S.; and long. 105° 13' and 114° 39' E. The island is bounded on the north by the Java Sea, on the east by Bali Strait, which separates Java from Bali Island, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the west by Sunda Strait which separates the island from Sumatra. It extends east and west, declining 15° toward the south. It is about 660 miles long, from 40 to 125 miles wide, and the area is about 48,686 square miles. The Indian Ocean, which beats with great force along the south coast, has prevented the formation, on that side, of such alluvial plains as extend along the north coast. From the same cause the south coast is generally unsafe for shipping, while the north affords excellent anchorage at almost all times and places. The south presents a continuous front of crags and rocks, forming the outer edge of an extremely mountainous country; the north is flat and low, and covered in many places with mangrove swamps. The chief harbors on the north are those of Sura baya and Batavia; on the south that of Chilat jap, formed by the small island Kambangan.
Topography and whole configuration of the island has been trans formed by volcanic action. There are at least 45 volcanoes in Java, of which half are active. In the western end of the island they are grouped in a mass and attain a height of 10,000 feet, but in the eastern portion, though more scattered, they are generally higher, one, Semen', 12,044 feet, being the highest in the island. Among the chief are Salak (7,266), near Batavia, now extinct; Gede (9,720) ; Tjirmaj (10,075); Marbabu (10,670) ; Raun (10,820) • Slamar (11,250). Papandayang, in the southwest, destroyed about 3,000 persons in 1772. In 1822 great damage was done by the eruption of Galungung, one of the volcanoes in the western part of the island. In 1686, about 10,000 lives were lost by the eruption of Ring ghit, once over 12,000 feet high, but now a low mountain. The eruption of Kloet (q.v.), in 1901, was most disastrous. The eruption of Krakatoa (q.v.) in 1883, was one of the horrors of modern times.
The island is subject to earthquakes, usu ally not severe. Three earthquakes are known to have preceded and 19 accompanied volcanic eruptions. In 1867 occurred a most destructive earthquake. A low range of non-volcanic hills, about 3,000 feet high, extends along the south coast. The crater of an extinct volcano called Guwa Upas, or the Vale of Poison, about one half mile round, is held in horror by the natives. It is said that every living creature that enters it drops dead, and the soil is covered with the carcasses of deer, birds, and even the bones of men, killed by the carbonic acid gas which lies in the bottom of the valley; but its terrors have been much exaggerated. ((In another crater in this land of wonders," says Sir Charles Lyell, athe sulphurous exhalations have killed tigers, birds and innumerable insects; and the soft parts of these animals, such as the fibres, mus cles, hair, etc., are very well preserved, while the hones are corroded or entirely destroyed.' Numerous rivers flow from the north and south sides of the mountains, carrying fertility with them, and affording supplies to innumer able artificial water-courses used in irrigation. These streams are generally rapid, shallow and so encumbered with sandbanks as not to be navigable; so that only two rivers, the Solo and the river of Surabaya, are navigable for large boats; the others are only suitable for proas or canoes of the lightest draught, or for floating down timber from the mountains. The Tji Tarun and the Tji Manuk are navigable a part of the year.